Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

For example a cat can be a chat, a Katze, gato, katt, or a moggie, depending on which language you use. To add to the confusion sometimes the same name is used for different animals. For example, the name ‘gopher’ is used for ground squirrels, rodents (pocket gophers), for moles and in the south-eas

- What tendons attach muscles to bones. ## Muscles Muscles make up the bulk of an animal’s body and account for about half its weight. The meat on the chop or roast is muscle and is composed mainly of protein. The cells that make up muscle tissue are elongated and able to contract to a half or even

Glucose is often the energy source but it may also come from other carbohydrates, as well as fats and protein. The energy is made by the biochemical process known as **cellular respiration** that takes place in the **mitochondria** inside every living cell. The overall reaction can be summarized by

There are two types of herbivore: The first, **ruminants** like cattle, sheep and goats, house these bacteria in a special compartment in the enlarged stomach called the **rumen**. The second group has an enlarged large intestine and caecum, called a **functional caecum**, occupied by cellulose dige

- The function of antidiuretic hormone in producing concentrated urine. - The composition, storage and voiding of normal urine. - Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance. - The functions of the kidney in excreting nitrogenous waste, controlling water levels and regulating salt concentr

The zygote then starts to divide by **mitosis** (see Chapter 3) to form a new animal with all its body cells containing chromosomes that are identical to those of the original zygote (see diagram 13.1). Diagram 13.1 - Sexual reproduction The offspring formed by sexual reproduction contain genes from

Some animals can sense electric and magnetic fields. All sense organs respond to stimuli by producing nerve impulses that travel to the brain via a sensory nerve. The impulses are then processed and interpreted in the brain as pain, sight, sound, taste etc. The senses are often divided into two grou

Within each chapter are lists of Websites that provide additional information including animations. There is a comprehensive Glossary which can be accessed through links in each chapter. To help the student understand and learn the information within each chapter there are links to Worksheets in Wik

Many thanks to Terry Marler (B.V.S.C.) for his guiding vision, wisdom, experience and patience. His advice throughout the writing of this WikiBook has been invaluable. I would also like to thank Bronwyn Hegarty, for gently shepherding the project through the many hurdles encountered and Leigh Blacka