Cordell Stokes: Memories of My Father, Carl B. Stokes

Brothers Carl and Louis Stokes rose from their childhood in Cleveland’s public housing to become influential Black politicians. By advocating for better conditions for poor people living in cities, they were pioneers in what is now called “environmental justice.” Carl B. Stokes is most famous for using the 1969 Cuyahoga River fire to advocate for a broad range of issues impacting the “urban environment.”

What kinds of personal experiences shaped Carl Stokes? Who influenced his views? Did the family enjoy time outdoors? To help us better interpret Carl’s legacy, Cuyahoga Valley National Park recorded an oral history with his son Cordell Stokes in 2021. Cordell is an accomplished Cleveland-area businessman who has worked in both government relations and business. This article highlights some of the insights he graciously provided.

Growing Up in the Stokes Family

Cordell Edward Stokes was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1969, the youngest child of Carl and his first wife, Shirley. His brother Carl Jr. (born in 1958) and his sister Cordi (born in 1961) grew up in the public eye during their father’s political career. Cordell was only four when his parents divorced, and his father was given custody of the children. Carl died when Cordell was about 25 years old, a college student on a basketball scholarship.

Cordell remembered his father as someone who perfected the balance of his career with a disciplined family life. “Growing up with him in the big city of New York, especially in the 1970s. Watching his activities as a professional and then off-site from work. . . . He provided a great foundation for us on all levels for us to be able to deal with life, not as special people but as people like everyone else.”

Congressman Louis Stokes was like a second father to Cordell. Cordell would fly to Washington D.C. or Cleveland to participate in his uncle’s political activities. Carl and Louis both ensured that Cordell knew he would need to develop his own talents.

Life Lessons

Cordell describes two key life lessons that Carl and Louis Stokes impressed upon him.

But between the three of us—my father, my uncle, and I—we had a very, very special relationship. It was very important to them to make sure that I understood that what they did in their political career, that it doesn’t mean that it’s a green path for you personally. That I would have to develop my own talents, identify where I wanted to go, and then pursue it accordingly. . . . Humbleness is number one. Number two, you were never better than anyone just because we’re running around here and people recognize Stokes this and Stokes that. That’s what we did. You had to figure out what you were going to do to make your mark.

Personal Heroes

Carl was a “heavy reader of all books.” He taught Cordell about his personal heroes, starting at a young age. There were “four very important Black individuals that I had to learn as soon as I could started reading and comprehending. He always talked to me as an adult, not of kiddie stuff. And that was Paul Robeson, Toussaint Louverture, . . . of course Martin Luther King, and . . . the local John O. Holly.”

John O. Holly was a Black political activist who was popular in the Cleveland housing projects when Carl was a young man. Holly led boycotts against White-owned businesses and battled unions who refused to hire Black employees. “He took a mentor-protégé relationship with my father when Mr. Holly was doing work for then Governor Rhodes,” Cordell said, “If anything derived to drive [Carl] to become either a good public speaker or an activist etc., the foundation was with John O. Holly and those who might have been close to him.”

A Shared Love of Sports

According to Cordell, Carl was always doing something in his spare time. He recalled how much his father enjoyed sports, sharing this passion with his children. Carl was a “big-time tennis observer and player.” As a parent, he was very engaged in Cordell’s high-level career as a student-athlete in basketball and football.

At West Virginia State College, Carl had been middle-weight boxing champion. “He was a boxer by nature.” Cordell remembers going to the gym together to box. Carl was also “a fantastic pool player to the point where he was playing against some of the world-renowned, historic pool players.” As a newsman, he played softball on the NBC team in Central Park. As he got older, Carl got involved in tinkering around the house, working in the yard, and building things in his woodshop.

A Memorable Serve

Cordell Stokes recalls a funny incident on a family tennis trip to Jamaica.

He took me down to Jamaica with friends of his who were also tennis players. And he was also trying to get me into tennis where he had sponsors looking at me. But I wasn’t mentally ready. I was with basketball and football. So we traveled down there. This was a time when he wanted to showcase me to one of his friends who had money and had invited him down there. So we were playing doubles. This time it was time for me to serve. So he was at the net (you know, tennis) and I went up to serve. I was a good tennis player. (I meant you wouldn’t try to parlay someone if I didn’t have the skills.) And boy that ball hit him in the behind. You should’ve seen him! (laughter) You can already imagine when you’re looking up and that ball came up and hit him in his behind! Boy, I think we shut the whole game down. He had to get me off the court because I was laughing.

Exploring Nature

Cordell described fond childhood memories of nature, especially when his family lived in New York. He often played in the 1000-acre Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, as well as in Central Park. Both had rocks and forest. They swam at the public beaches in The Hamptons. There were also family trips filled with nature. “With my father, we used to go up into upstate New York. We had a cousin who lived up there and he had a cabin. We would go out hunting off of that. We would travel, of course, to the Grand Canyon and other places.”

He remembers attending a sports camp in the 1970s. “The camp always incorporated being able to introduce you into the wild. . . . You would stay a week in a cabin somewhere with other kids. They’d show you berries that you’d eat and things of that sort. It stayed with me. I'm very oriented into wild game. I’m a big health nut. All of the things that the Earth has to present itself.”

Now, during the summers at home in Ohio, Cordell said that he swims in Lake Erie quite a bit. Sometimes at the beach. Other times, he and his stepbrother regularly join their friend on his boat. They go out into the middle of Lake Erie where Cordell will jump in and swim.

The Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park honored the Stokes family during the Cuyahoga 50 celebration in 2019. Cordell is third from the right. Conservancy / Zaina Salem

Carl B. Stokes’ Legacy

Cordell shared his thoughts on Carl’s political legacy. His father was “very much a leader, someone who was willing to put himself on the front line to help advance many of the causes important within the Civil Rights arena.”

When elected mayor, Carl advanced equal employment policies in Cleveland. According to Cordell, this is one of his father’s biggest legacies. “Equality. The ability to make sure our people had an opportunity to compete and be a part of the American dream.” Cordell can see his father’s legacy in the many Black politicians who now hold public office. Carl helped to blaze their trail.

A Civil Rights Legacy

Cordell explains why his father, Carl B. Stokes, wanted to be mayor of Cleveland.

Civil Rights was the big movement. He was very supportive and engaged. But he saw a different opportunity as a state legislator. He figured that the one way to make a big change in the dynamics for minorities would be to use Black political power to take over City Hall—meaning, get elected as mayor. Now you’re the chief executive of the city, eighth largest at that time. Now you can mandate things. Hiring policies. From his standpoint, he was the one who established the EEO department, Equal Employment Opportunity. So that’s the big thing here. That provides a foundation for creating a diverse business environment, hiring environment, etc.

Another lasting legacy was how the newly-elected Mayor Stokes used his international platform to advocate for what is now called environmental justice. He drew the world’s attention to pollution in Lake Erie and the Cuyahoga River. Once Louis Stokes became a Congressman, the brothers helped push for the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and the passage of the Clean Water Act (1972). Cordell is proud that Cleveland is still “on the frontline of these issues, so that our children and children’s children can hopefully have an environment where they can breathe good air.”

Learn More

Find out more about the men who inspired Carl B. Stokes. The Smithsonian has a profile of Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture as well as objects about him in its collection. The National Archives has historic documents and teacher resources about actor and activist Paul Robeson. His home in New York City is a national historic landmark. The Birth Home of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta is a national historical park. The famous civil rights leader is also honored with a national memorial in Washington, DC. Read more online about “Cleveland’s Original Black Leader” John O. Holly.

• Carl B. Stokes: Ground-breaking Cleveland Mayor — In November 1967, Carl B. Stokes was featured on the cover of Time when he became the first African American mayor of a major city. He played important roles in the civil rights and environmental movements of that period.
• Carl B. Stokes and the 1969 River Fire — In 1969, the Cuyahoga River caught on fire in Cleveland just a few miles north of Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Carl B. Stokes was mayor of Cleveland. In 1967, he had become the first elected African American mayor of a major US city. Stokes is a hero in the river fire story. The fire is an icon of the environmental movement. Stokes’ response to the fire helped it gain this status.
• Carl Stokes: A Pioneer of Environmental Justice — Elected in 1967, Cleveland Mayor Carl B. Stokes’ platform on the environment stressed a people-first approach that we now call environmental justice. Though Stokes did not see himself as an environmentalist at the time, he used his fame as the first Black mayor of a major US city to draw attention to how communities of color are hurt the most by environmental problems.
• The 1969 Cuyahoga River Fire — Stories about the 1969 Cuyahoga River fire often combine fact and myth. People generally agree about what occurred on and immediately after June 22, 1969. Myth enters the stories when people describe the fire as a primary cause of major milestones in the environmental movement. Regardless, the Cuyahoga River fire has become a symbol of water pollution and the environmental movement. Today, we celebrate this symbolism, not just the facts of the story.

Where this belongs

• Cuyahoga Valley National Park

Where this page came from

This page was imported from National Park Service. Produced by the U.S. National Park Service and, as a work of the United States government, in the public domain.

Nobody has written it yet — it is the source material at a new address, which is why search engines are asked to skip it and why no one earns from it. It is up for grabs: take it on, and it is yours to rewrite and to earn from.