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Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Its main symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. In healthy people it's usually not serious, but it can lead to dehydration or severe illness.
Causes
- viruses — the most common cause, including noroviruses and rotaviruses;
- bacteria;
- parasites;
- chemicals;
- reactions to certain medicines and foods.
Viral gastroenteritis is often called the "stomach flu," but that isn't medically correct: it isn't caused by flu viruses, and flu is a respiratory infection of the nose, throat and lungs. When the illness comes from food or drink contaminated with germs or chemicals, it's called food poisoning. The germs can also spread person to person, including when you touch a contaminated surface and then your eyes, mouth or nose.
Symptoms
Diarrhea, belly pain or cramping, nausea, vomiting and sometimes fever.
Who needs care right away
People at higher risk of dehydration or severe illness should contact a health care provider right away if they have symptoms:
- pregnant women;
- older adults;
- people with weakened immune systems or other serious conditions;
- infants, and babies born prematurely or with other health conditions.
Warning signs
Anyone can become dehydrated or seriously ill. Get care promptly for any of these:
| Adults | Infants and children |
|---|---|
| Change in mental state, such as irritability or lack of energy | Change in mental state, such as irritability or lack of energy |
| Diarrhea for more than 2 days | Diarrhea for more than a day |
| High fever | Any fever in infants; high fever in older children |
| Frequent vomiting | Frequent vomiting |
| Six or more loose stools in a day | Frequent loose stools |
| Severe pain in the belly or rectum | Severe pain in the belly or rectum |
| Black, tarry stools, or stools with blood or pus | Black, tarry stools, or stools with blood or pus |
| Dehydration: thirst, dry mouth, headache, dark urine, urinating less | Dehydration: thirst, dry mouth, urinating less or no wet diapers for 3 hours or more, no tears when crying |
Diagnosis and treatment
A provider will examine you, ask about symptoms and may test a stool sample. Most people get better on their own with rest and plenty of fluids and electrolytes. Your provider may suggest a probiotic; studies suggest some may shorten diarrhea. More severe cases may need medicine for nausea or vomiting, and some bacterial or parasitic types are treated with antibiotics or antiparasitic medicines.
Prevention
It can't always be prevented, but handwashing, cleaning surfaces that may carry germs and safe food preparation help. Vaccines protect infants against rotavirus.
Sources
Based on the MedlinePlus health topic "Gastroenteritis," National Library of Medicine, with a summary from NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; a work of the United States government in the public domain.
Лицензия: CC0 1.0 (общественное достояние) · По материалам medlineplus.gov
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