51.6% of U.S. children and adolescents aged 5–17 received free or reduced-cost breakfasts or lunches at school at some point in the 12 months before they were surveyed in 2021, according to CDC's National Health Interview Survey.
By race and Hispanic ethnicity
| Group | Received free or reduced-cost school meals |
|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic Black or African American | 66.2% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 64.4% |
| All children and adolescents, 5–17 | 51.6% |
| Non-Hispanic White | 42.7% |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 30.9% — the lowest |
Black and Hispanic children and adolescents were more likely to receive these meals than White children and adolescents.
By family income
The survey measured income against the federal poverty level (FPL), which depends on a family's income and its size, using the U.S. Census Bureau's poverty thresholds.
| Family income | Received free or reduced-cost school meals |
|---|---|
| Below 185% of the FPL | 75.9% |
| At or above 185% of the FPL | 38.7% |
Within the income groups: the same racial and ethnic pattern was seen among children in families at or above 185% of the FPL. In the lower-income group, the difference observed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White children and adolescents was not statistically significant.
CDC chart. FPL = federal poverty level; NH = non-Hispanic. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
How the numbers were gathered
- Who was asked: household interviews with a sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population.
- The question: "At any time in the last 12 months, did this child receive free or reduced-cost breakfasts or lunches at school?"
- Race: the non-Hispanic Asian, Black or African American, and White groups include only children reported as one race; respondents could choose more than one race for a child. Hispanic or Latino children may be of any race or combination of races.
- Totals include every child, whatever the income, race or ethnicity.
- Missing income was filled in by imputation.
Sources
Based on Martinez ME, Schiller JS, "QuickStats: Percentage of Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years Who Received Free or Reduced-Cost Meals at School During the Previous 12 Months, by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity and Family Income — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2021," MMWR volume 72, number 20, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; data from the National Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics. A work of the United States government in the public domain.
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