William D. Nettleton, MD1,2; James B. Kent, MS3; Kathryn Macomber, MPH3; Mary-Grace Brandt, PhD3; Kelly Jones3; Alison D. Ridpath, MD4; Brian H. Raphael, PhD4; Eden V. Wells, MD3 (
Related Materials
Disseminated gonococcal infection is a rare, systemic complication of untreated gonorrhea that occurs after sexual transmission and through hematogenous spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to distant body sites (1). Disseminated gonococcal infection usually manifests as arthritis, dermatitis, and tenosynovitis. In rare cases, endocarditis, meningitis, myositis, and osteomyelitis can occur. On August 12, 2019, the Kalamazoo County Health and Community Services Department (KCHCSD), Michigan, was notified of three persons hospitalized with disseminated gonococcal infection. Given the rarity of disseminated gonococcal infection, severe case presentations, and ongoing case clustering, KCHCSD and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) initiated a joint investigation. Actions included health alerts and public notifications, medical record reviews, patient interviews, antimicrobial resistance testing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of N. gonorrhoeae isolates by MDHHS and CDC laboratories. A review of approximately 27,000 gonorrhea cases from the preceding 18 months revealed no other location or time clustering of disseminated gonococcal infection in Michigan. To better characterize the cluster, case definitions were developed.
A confirmed case was defined as isolation of N. gonorrhoeae from any sterile site, including blood, synovial fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid. A probable case was defined as a positive nucleic acid amplification test from nonsterile sites (e.g., urethra, vagina, cervix, rectum, or pharynx) in the presence of signs or symptoms (e.g., tenosynovitis or polyarthralgias). Thirteen confirmed and three probable cases were reported during August 12–December 18, 2019. Fourteen of these 16 patients resided in Kalamazoo County and two in bordering southwestern Michigan counties.
Nine of the 16 patients were male, and patient ages ranged from 16 to 52 years (
The clinical severity, high relatedness of isolates, and reported methamphetamine use among patients raise unique questions about host and pathogen factors that warrant further investigation. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of disseminated gonococcal infection might prevent severe disease and complications. Outreach continues to ensure case finding, clinician awareness, partner elicitation, and broad distribution of prevention messages. Enhanced surveillance, thorough investigation, and continued partnerships remain crucial for rapid identification, improved understanding, and mitigation of disseminated gonococcal infection cases and clusters identified in Michigan.
Acknowledgment
Kristine Tuinier, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services.
Corresponding author: William D. Nettleton, wdnett@kalcounty.com, 269-373-5261.
1Kalamazoo County Health and Community Services Department, Kalamazoo, Michigan; 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan; 3Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; 4Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Reference
- Hook EW III, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult [Chapter 35]. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Stamm WE, et al., eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008:627–45.
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Total | 16 (100) |
| Median age (yrs) (range) | 39 (16–52) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 9 (56) |
| Female | 7 (44) |
| Case status | |
| Confirmed | 13 (81) |
| Probable | 3 (19) |
| Residence | |
| Kalamazoo County | 14 (88) |
| Other southwest Michigan counties | 2 (13) |
| Homeless | 4 (25) |
| Initial clinical manifestations | |
| Septic arthritis | 13 (81) |
| Myositis | 4 (25) |
| Tenosynovitis | 3 (19) |
| Osteomyelitis | 2 (13) |
| Mitral valve endocarditis* | 1 (6) |
| Concurrent gonococcal infections | 11 (69) |
| Urogenital | 8 (50) |
| Pharyngeal | 5 (31) |
| Rectal | 1 (6) |
| Hospitalized | 15 (94) |
| Parenteral ceftriaxone treatment † | 14 (88) |
| Reported drug use or positive drug test | 13 (81) |
| Methamphetamine | 10 (63) |
| Marijuana | 6 (38) |
| Opioids | 3(19) |
| Injection drug use | 3 (19) |
† Seven patients received treatment for 4–6 weeks.
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