Every presidency since the National Park Service was created in 1916 has left its mark on the National Park System. Jimmy Carter's — the 39th president, from January 20, 1977, to January 20, 1981 — oversaw one of its largest growths.
- The National Parks and Recreation Act of November 10, 1978, which some called "park barrel" legislation, authorized 15 parks at once.
- The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980 created most of Alaska's national parks — another big jump — and still shapes how many public lands in Alaska are managed.
Parks are listed below under their current names, with the date each joined the system.
President Jimmy Carter, First Lady Rosalynn Carter and their daughter Amy at Old Faithful, Yellowstone National Park. NPS Museum Collection, HFCA 1607
1977 and 1978
| Park | Added | What it keeps |
|---|---|---|
| Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, New York | May 26, 1977 | Val-Kill in Hyde Park, Eleanor Roosevelt's retreat, office, home and "laboratory" for social change from 1924 until her death in 1962 |
| Lowell National Historical Park, Massachusetts | June 5, 1978 | the water-powered textile mills that pushed the nation — immigrant families and early women factory workers among them — into the industrial era, and the town's cultural diversity today |
| Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Georgia | Aug. 15, 1978 | a 48-mile stretch of a river that has drawn people for more than 10,000 years — an urban oasis for wildlife, hiking, biking and "shooting the Hooch" |
| War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam | Aug. 15, 1978 | sites of the Allies' 1944 recapture of Guam, honoring all who fought in the Pacific campaigns, and Guam's natural and cultural heritage |
| Fort Scott National Historic Site, Kansas | Oct. 19, 1978 | a U.S. military fort active from 1842 to 1873, a crossroads of the peoples and events that shaped the mid-19th-century "American West" |
Eleanor Roosevelt, Lowell, Chattahoochee and War in the Pacific. NPS photos
November 10, 1978: fifteen parks in one act
| Park | What it keeps |
|---|---|
| Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, Washington | farmland and a seaport on the Salish Sea that drew people for thousands of years; Native and European American traditions |
| Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site, Pennsylvania | Poe's home in Philadelphia, where he spent his six happiest and most productive years despite bad luck and his wife's illness |
| Friendship Hill National Historic Site, Pennsylvania | the estate of Albert Gallatin, Treasury Secretary for thirteen years under Jefferson and Madison, credited with cutting the national debt, buying the Louisiana Territory and funding Lewis and Clark |
| Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Hawaii | coastal settlements, large fishponds and other remains from before European explorers, kept to practice and share the culture of the Kānaka maoli (Native Hawaiians) |
| Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, Virginia | the home of a bank president, newspaper editor and fraternal leader who worked for the rights, prosperity and education of African Americans and women in the late 1800s and early 1900s |
Fort Scott, Ebey's Landing, Edgar Allan Poe and Friendship Hill. NPS photos
| Park | What it keeps |
|---|---|
| Middle Delaware National Scenic River, Pennsylvania | 40 miles of calm river, mostly inside Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, for swimming, boating and fishing |
| Missouri National Recreational River, Nebraska and South Dakota | 100 miles, in two stretches, of North America's longest river |
| New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, West Virginia | over 70,000 acres along a whitewater river flowing north through deep canyons, among the oldest rivers on the continent |
| Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, Texas | the prairie where the first clash of the U.S.-Mexican War was fought — a war that redrew North America's borders |
| Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River, Texas | a 196-mile strip of the U.S. shore in the Chihuahuan Desert, from Big Bend National Park to the Terrell–Val Verde county line |
Kaloko-Honokōhau, Maggie L. Walker, Middle Delaware and Missouri. NPS photos
| Park | What it keeps |
|---|---|
| Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site, New York | a church central to colonial New York since 1665, beside the village green where an election raised issues of freedom of religion and the press; a hospital after the Battle of Pell's Point in 1776. Designated in 1943, it joined the system in 1978 |
| San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, Texas | four Spanish frontier missions from a system that spanned the Spanish Southwest in the 1600s–1800s; also a World Heritage Site |
| Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, California | wild places beside Los Angeles: Malibu's beaches, more than 500 miles of trails, and its famous mountain lions |
| Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Maryland | Haberdeventure, home of a signer of the Declaration of Independence and delegate to the Continental Congress |
| Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River, Pennsylvania | more than 73 miles of river between Hancock and Sparrowbush, New York — one of the Northeast's finest fishing rivers |
New River Gorge, Palo Alto, Rio Grande and Saint Paul's Church. NPS photos
San Antonio Missions, Santa Monica Mountains, Thomas Stone and Upper Delaware. NPS photos
Alaska
Most were first protected on December 1, 1978; ANILCA on December 2, 1980 added preserves to several.
| Park | Added | What it keeps |
|---|---|---|
| Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve | 1978; 1980 | a 30-square-mile caldera, one of the world's great dry calderas, last erupting in 1931, with Surprise Lake |
| Bering Land Bridge National Preserve | 1978 | a remnant of the land that linked Asia and North America over 13,000 years ago; still vital to Indigenous communities |
| Cape Krusenstern National Monument | 1978 | 70 miles of Chukchi Sea shore, where more than 114 beach ridges record 5,000 years of use; the Inupiat still use it |
| Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve | 1978; 1980 | a vast land with no roads or trails, of glacier-carved valleys and migrating caribou |
| Kenai Fjords National Park | 1978 | nearly 40 glaciers flowing from the Harding Icefield, the largest icefield wholly within the United States; home of the Sugpiaq people |
| Kobuk Valley National Park | 1978 | half a million caribou crossing sculpted dunes; at Onion Portage people have hunted them in the river for 9,000 years |
| Lake Clark National Park and Preserve | 1978; 1980 | the Chigmit Mountains, with granite spires, two active volcanoes and salmon lakes |
| Noatak National Preserve | 1978 | the nation's largest untrammeled mountain-ringed river basin, set aside for scientific study |
| Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve | 1978; 1980 | at 13.2 million acres, the largest park in the system, where the Chugach, Wrangell, St. Elias and Alaska ranges meet: the continent's largest array of glaciers and most peaks over 16,000 feet |
| Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve | 1978 | 128 miles of the Yukon and the whole Charley River basin, with relics of the 1898 gold rush |
| Alagnak Wild River | Dec. 2, 1980 | a river running from Katmai's Aleutian Range toward Bristol Bay |
Aniakchak, Bering Land Bridge, Cape Krusenstern and Gates of the Arctic. NPS photos
Kenai Fjords, Kobuk Valley, Lake Clark and Noatak. NPS photos
1979 and 1980
| Park | Added | What it keeps |
|---|---|---|
| Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Massachusetts | Oct. 12, 1979 | the suburban Boston home, from 1883, of a founder of American landscape architecture, and the nation's first full-scale landscape design office |
| Vietnam Veterans Memorial, District of Columbia | July 1, 1980 | the black granite wall, dedicated November 13, 1982, bearing the names of over 58,300 who died or remain missing |
| Pearl Harbor National Memorial, Hawaii | Sept. 9, 1980 | first joined as the USS Arizona Memorial; the ground and sea of the 1941 attack |
| Boston African American National Historic Site, Massachusetts | Oct. 10, 1980 | the Beacon Hill community that led the fight against slavery — abolition, the Underground Railroad, the Civil War, equal rights |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historical Park, Georgia | Oct. 10, 1980 | the places of Dr. King's early life, museum exhibits and his gravesite |
| Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, New Mexico | Dec. 19, 1980 | Gran Quivira (a national monument since 1909) joined with the state monuments Quarai and Abo: Spanish Franciscan missions and Pueblo villages |
| Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Hawaii | Dec. 22, 1980 | the Molokaʻi peninsula where thousands with Hansen's disease were confined from 1866; some former patients still live there |
| James A. Garfield National Historic Site, Ohio | Dec. 28, 1980 | the home whose porch gave Garfield's "Front Porch" campaign its name; he was assassinated in 1881 |
| Women's Rights National Historical Park, New York | Dec. 28, 1980 | Seneca Falls, site of the first Women's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848, and the McClintock House, where the Declaration of Sentiments was written |
Wrangell-St. Elias, Yukon-Charley Rivers, Frederick Law Olmsted and Pearl Harbor. NPS photos
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Boston African American, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Alagnak. NPS photos
Salinas Pueblo Missions, Kalaupapa, James A. Garfield and Women's Rights. NPS photos
Sources
Based on "Shaping the System Under President Jimmy Carter," National Park Service; a work of the United States government in the public domain. The source calls Garfield "the 1879 Republican nominee," an error, so the year is left out; it spells Sparrowbush "Sparrobush," corrected here.
이 페이지가 속한 매거진Bering Land Bridge National PreserveBoston African American National Historic SiteCape Krusenstern National Monument
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