Tularemia — United States, 2011–2022

Shannan N. Rich, PhD1,2; Alison F. Hinckley, PhD1; Austin Earley, MPH1; Jeannine M. Petersen, PhD1; Paul S. Mead, MD1; Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD1 (

Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Tularemia, a rare bacterial zoonotic disease, can lead to death but is treatable with antibiotics. It is caused by the tier-1 select agent Francisella tularensis, which can be transmitted to humans through multiple routes.

What is added by this report?

During 2011–2022, 47 states reported 2,462 tularemia cases (0.064 per 100,000 population), representing a 56% increase in incidence compared with 2001–2010. Incidence was highest among children aged 5–9 years, older men, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons, among whom incidence was approximately five times that among White persons.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Increased tularemia incidence might reflect changes in frequency of human infection or improved case ascertainment. Reducing incidence will require tailored prevention strategies and health care provider education.

Figures

Related Materials

• Article PDF
• Full Issue PDF

Abstract

Tularemia is a rare nationally notifiable zoonosis, caused by the tier-1 select agent Francisella tularensis, that has been reported from all U.S. states except Hawaii. Clinical manifestations typically include fever and localized symptoms that vary by route of infection. The case fatality rate of tularemia is typically

Introduction

Tularemia is a rare bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, an organism that has been designated a tier-1 select agent based on its potential for misuse as a bioweapon (1). No vaccine to prevent tularemia is currently available. Human infection can occur naturally through an arthropod bite (e.g., deer flies and ticks), improper handling of infected animals, inhaling contaminated aerosols, or drinking contaminated water (2). Clinical manifestations typically include fever and localized symptoms that vary by route of infection, such as skin ulcers, regional lymphadenopathy, and pneumonia. Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. The case fatality rate of tularemia is typically 3) but can be as high as 24%, depending on the infecting genotype and clinical manifestation (4). Tularemia is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States; cases are reported by state health departments to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. This report summarizes U.S. tularemia surveillance data reported during 2011–2022.

Case Definition

For surveillance purposes, a confirmed case of tularemia is defined as clinically compatible illness with isolation of F. tularensis in culture, or a fourfold change in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum samples.* A probable case is defined as clinically compatible illness with a single elevated serologic antibody titer or detection of F. tularensis in a clinical specimen by fluorescent assay.† In 2017, laboratory criteria for a probable case were expanded to also include detection of F. tularensis by polymerase chain reaction.

Calculation of Incidence

Annual incidence of tularemia was calculated as the number of cases per 100,000 population using United States Census Bureau population estimates for 2017 (5). Average annual incidence during 2011–2022 was calculated overall, by demographic characteristics, case classification (i.e., confirmed or probable), and state. This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.§

Reported Tularemia Cases

During 2011–2022, a total of 2,462 tularemia cases were reported in the United States, including 984 (40%) confirmed and 1,475 (60%) probable cases. A mean of 205 cases was reported per year, ranging from 149 in 2012 to 314 in 2015. Overall average annual incidence was 0.064 cases per 100,000 population. Cases were reported among residents of 743 counties in 47 states (

Demographic Characteristics of Cases

The median patient age was 48 years (range = 1–95 years); 63% of patients were male. White persons accounted for most cases (84%), followed by American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) (9%), Black or African American (2%), and Asian or Pacific Islander (1%) persons; 5% of patients identified as Hispanic or Latino.

Tularemia Incidence

Among racial groups, tularemia incidence was highest among AI/AN persons (0.260 per 100,000 population) (

During 2011–2022, the average annual incidence of probable cases of tularemia (0.038 per 100,000 population) exceeded that of confirmed cases of tularemia (0.026). Incidence of probable cases has exceeded that of confirmed cases consistently since 2015, and temporal trends in confirmed and probable incidence diverged from one another beginning in 2017 (

Discussion

The demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of tularemia patients in the United States during 2011–2022 were comparable to those described during 2001–2010, with the highest incidence observed among children aged 5–9 years, older men, AI/AN persons, and persons living in the central United States (6). AI/AN persons remain the demographic group most affected by tularemia, with incidence in this group approximately five times that among White persons. Many factors might contribute to the higher risk for tularemia in this population, including the concentration of Native American reservations in central states and sociocultural or occupational activities that might increase contact with infected wildlife or arthropods.

The average annual tularemia incidence during 2011–2022 (0.064 cases per 100,000 population) was 56% higher than that reported during 2001–2010 (0.041) (6). Notable differences in case classification were also apparent compared with the previous decade: during 2011–2022, 60% of reported cases were classified as probable, a 71% increase compared with the 35% of cases classified as probable during 2001–2010. The annual incidence of probable cases of tularemia was increasing before the 2017 case definition change that included detection of F. tularensis by polymerase chain reaction in the probable case definition, indicating that updated surveillance criteria do not fully explain the trend. Increased reporting of probable cases might be associated with an actual increase in human infection, improved tularemia detection, or both. In addition, in recent years, some commercial laboratories have shifted from agglutination assays to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that are more sensitive and less specific (7). These newer assays do not generate titers that can be readily compared between acute and convalescent specimens to infer acute infection. Consequently, cases that previously would have been classified as confirmed based on a fourfold change in titer, would instead be classified as probable cases when tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Limitations

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, CDC does not receive clinical and laboratory details for most reported cases, limiting the ability to ascertain the drivers of the observed patterns. This information is provided to CDC by state health departments on a voluntary basis and for a minority of reported cases (8). Second, surveillance practices differ by state and have changed over time; thus, these data might not represent all U.S. tularemia infections. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic might have affected the ability of health departments to classify possible tularemia cases.

Implications for Public Health Practice

Risk for tularemia persists throughout the United States, particularly in some central states. Although the demographic groups most at risk for tularemia remain consistent with those identified in previous decades, AI/AN persons continue to face substantially higher disease risk than do other groups.

The findings in this report highlight the need for tailored prevention education given the myriad of potential exposures to F. tularensis in the environment, including via inhalation, ingestion, contact with animals, or arthropod bites. In addition, increasing tularemia incidence underscores ongoing needs for clinical education regarding diverse clinical manifestations of tularemia, options for laboratory testing (9), and importance of early and appropriate treatment with aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, or tetracycline classes of antimicrobials (3), particularly for health care providers serving tribal populations. Although the signs and symptoms of tularemia are broad and often nonspecific, health care providers should consider tularemia in patients with clinically compatible illness (e.g., fever accompanied by lymphadenopathy) after possible exposure to F. tularensis, and laboratories should be alerted to suspicion of tularemia when possible to enable specific diagnostic considerations and ensure appropriate safety precautions (9).

Acknowledgment

Tularemia surveillance coordinators in state and local health departments.

Corresponding author: Kiersten J. Kugeler, kkugeler@cdc.gov.

1Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; 2Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC.

All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

• https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/tularemia-2017/

† https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/tularemia-1999/

§ 45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l)(2), 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect.3501 et seq.

References

• Nelson CA, Sjöstedt A. Tularemia: a storied history, an ongoing threat. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78(Suppl 1):S1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad681 PMID:38294109
• Petersen JM, Mead PS, Schriefer ME. Francisella tularensis: an arthropod-borne pathogen. Vet Res 2009;40:7. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008045 PMID:18950590
• Nelson CA, Winberg J, Bostic TD, Davis KM, Fleck-Derderian S. Systematic review: clinical features, antimicrobial treatment, and outcomes of human tularemia, 1993–2023. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78(Suppl 1):S15–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad736 PMID:38294108
• Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Janusz AM, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:863–70. https://doi.org/10.1086/597261 PMID:19245342
• US Census Bureau. 2017 American Community Survey: S0101 age and sex. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau; 2019. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2017.S0101?y=2017
• CDC. Tularemia—United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:963–6. PMID:24280916
• Yanes H, Hennebique A, Pelloux I, et al. Evaluation of in-house and commercial serological tests for diagnosis of human tularemia. J Clin Microbiol 2017;56:e01440–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01440-17 PMID:29118164
• Wu H-J, Bostic TD, Horiuchi K, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Nelson CA. Tularemia clinical manifestations, antimicrobial treatment, and outcomes: an analysis of US surveillance data, 2006–2021. Clin Infect Dis 2024;78(Suppl 1):S29–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad689 PMID:38294115
• CDC. Tularemia: clinical testing and diagnosis for tularemia. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

###

• Cases are indicated randomly within county of residence.

###

[](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mb-3)Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; A/PI = Asian or Pacific Islander.

• Cases per 100,000 population.

###

• Cases per 100,000 population.

† A confirmed case of tularemia is defined as clinically compatible illness with isolation of Francisella tularensis in culture, or a fourfold change in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum samples. A probable case is defined as clinically compatible illness with a single elevated serologic antibody titer or detection of F. tularensis in a clinical specimen by fluorescent assay. In 2017, laboratory criteria for a probable case were expanded to also include detection of F. tularensis by polymerase chain reaction.

Where this page came from

This page was imported from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Material produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a work of the United States government and is in the public domain.

Nobody has written it yet — it is the source material at a new address, which is why search engines are asked to skip it and why no one earns from it. It is up for grabs: take it on, and it is yours to rewrite and to earn from.