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Geodiversity refers to the full variety of natural geologic (rocks, minerals, sediments, fossils, landforms, and physical processes) and soil resources and processes that occur in the park. A product of the Geologic Resources Inventory, the NPS Geodiversity Atlas delivers information in support of education, Geoconservation, and integrated management of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the ecosystem.
In-depth geologic information is contained in the baseline inventory products of the Geologic Resources Inventory, see table below.
Introduction
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) stretches for 32 km (20 mi) astride the forested Cumberland and Brush Mountains in Bell and Harlan Counties, Kentucky, Claiborne County, Tennessee, and Lee County, Virginia. The park extends southwestward from White Rocks overlook along Cumberland Mountain across the gap and into the Little Yellow Creek watershed beyond Fern Lake Reservoir (Thornberry-Ehrlich 2011a). Authorized on June 11, 1940, CUGA contains approximately 9,933 hectares (24,547 acres) and protects the geologic “doorway to the west”—the Cumberland Gap of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Famously explored by frontiersman Daniel Boone in 1775, the Cumberland Gap forms a prominent break in the otherwise formidable mountains that developed into a main corridor of western expansion into the interior of the nation and was an important military objective during the Civil War (National Park Service 2016a). Boone’s Trace evolved into the Wilderness Road, which was later utilized during the Civil War to transport supplies, troops, and ordnance. Another key historic resource in CUGA is the Hensley Settlement, a community of scattered farmsteads located on Brush Mountain that was originally established by Sherman Hensley circa 1903. The settlement consists of more than 40 historic structures, several log cabin homes, split rail fences, a one-room log cabin schoolhouse, pastures, and woodlands with scenic mountain views (National Park Service 2016c).
Geologic Features and Processes
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park preserves a geologic and landform feature that was a vital gateway to the west during the early expansion of the United States. The gap is a deep notch across the otherwise continuous ridge of Cumberland Mountain. Additional geologic features, such as the White Rocks, guided early settlers moving westward on the Wilderness Road. The gap was a strategic outpost during the American Civil War, alternately occupied by Union and Confederate troops. And, it continues to be a valuable transportation corridor today.
Cumberland Gap is part of a regional geologic structure called the Pine Mountain thrust sheet created during the last major mountain building event of the Appalachians—the Alleghany Orogeny.
The park’s rugged landscape is fashioned from rocks originally deposited in or near shallow seas. During Appalachian mountain-building approximately 300 million years ago, these rocks were folded, faulted, and shoved up and westward along the Pine Mountain thrust fault, forming the Middlesboro syncline to the west and the Powell Valley anticline to the east. Hundreds of millions of years of subsequent erosion beveled the ancient mountains, leaving behind limestones in Powell Valley, resistant ridges of sandstone at Cumberland and Pine Mountains, and stream dissected upland areas near Middlesboro.
Cumberland Gap is the primary geologic feature in the park. Its location is tied to an ancient fault—the Rocky Face Fault—formed prior to the last major Appalachian Mountain-building episode. Fractures and deformation associated with movement along this fault weakened the rocks. Over time, the fractured rock eroded away, forming a gap.
The circular Middlesboro basin, adjacent to the park and easily visible from the Pinnacle Overlook, contains intensely deformed rock—evidence of an ancient meteorite impact.
Paleontological Resources
Paleontological resources in the park include abundant marine fossils found throughout the limestone (from ancient seas hundreds of millions of years old) as well as much younger remains (tens of thousands of years old) found in caves and sink holes.
All NPS fossil resources are protected under the Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11, Title VI, Subtitle D; 16 U.S.C. §§ 470aaa - 470aaa-11).
Cave and Karst
Cumberland Gap National Historic Park contains a significant karst landscape composed of mostly Mississippian age (360-318 million years old) limestone. With 30 known caves, other karst features include sinking streams, pits, sinkholes, and springs. Gap Cave is the longest known cave in the park at over 18 miles of surveyed passages and still going.
Gap Cave Spring was a significant water source for early settlers moving through Cumberland Gap.
Cumberland Gap was a strategic location during the Civil War. The area and Gap Cave traded hands several times. Important graffiti with interesting names, dates, and drawings are found in Soldier’s Cave (part of Gap Cave) from both Union and Confederate forces.
All NPS cave resources are protected under the the Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988 (FCRPA)(16 U.S.C. § 4301 et seq.).
Abandoned Mineral Lands
Coal and iron-ore mining have been important regional industries for more than 100 years and continue today. Smaller-scale quarrying of limestone and sandstone also occurs. Disturbed lands within the park—old (ca. approximately 1900) coal mines and iron mines, potassium nitrate mines, abandoned haul access roads, and a few sand and gravel quarries—were not large-scale mines or quarries, but do attest to the importance of mining to the history of the Cumberland Gap area (Englund 1964; Thornberry-Ehrlich 2008).
NPS AML sites can be important cultural resources and habitat, but many pose risks to park visitors and wildlife, and degrade water quality, park landscapes, and physical and biological resources. Be safe near AML sites—Stay Out and Stay Alive!
Regional Geology
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park is a part of the Appalachain Plateaus Physiographic Province and shares its geologic history and some characteristic geologic formations with a region that extends well beyond park boundaries.
Maps and Reports
###
Geologic Resources Inventory
The Geologic Resources Inventory produces digital geologic maps and reports for more than 270 natural resource parks. The products listed below are currently available for this park, check back often for updates as many maps, reports, and posters are still in progress.
Scoping summaries are records of scoping meetings where NPS staff and local geologists determined the park’s geologic mapping plan and what content should be included in the report.
- Digital geologic maps include files for viewing in GIS software, a guide to using the data, and a document with ancillary map information. Newer products also include data viewable in Google Earth and online map services.
- Reports use the maps to discuss the park’s setting and significance, notable geologic features and processes, geologic resource management issues, and geologic history.
- Posters are a static view of the GIS data in PDF format. Newer posters include aerial imagery or shaded relief and other park information. They are also included with the reports.
- Projects list basic information about the program and all products available for a park.
Source:
[
NPS DataStore Saved Search 2798
](https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/SavedSearch/Profile/2798)
. To search for additional information, visit the
NPS DataStore.
###
Soil Resources inventory
A NPS Soil Resources Inventory project has been completed for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park and can be found on the NPS Data Store.
Source:
[
NPS DataStore Saved Search 2836
](https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/SavedSearch/Profile/2836)
. To search for additional information, visit the
NPS DataStore.
White Rocks cliffs.
Related Links
Cumberland Gap—Geologic Formations
Cumberland Gap—Photo Gallery: Landforms and Features
Cumberland Gap—Photo Gallery: Gap Cave
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Division of Geology and Mineral Resources - Virginia
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National Park Service Geodiversity Atlas
The servicewide Geodiversity Atlas provides information on geoheritage and geodiversity resources and values within the National Park System. This information supports science-based geoconservation and interpretation in the NPS, as well as STEM education in schools, museums, and field camps. The NPS Geologic Resources Division and many parks work with National and International geoconservation communities to ensure that NPS abiotic resources are managed using the highest standards and best practices available.
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