Sleep plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. The way you feel while you are awake depends in part on what happens while you are sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health.
In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development. Getting inadequate sleep over time can raise your risk for chronic (long-term) health problems. It can also affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others. Learn how sleep affects your heart and circulatory system,
metabolism
metabolism
(meh-TA-buh-lih-zum):
Chemical changes that occur in living cells or organisms. These changes make energy to fuel important life functions.
, respiratory system, and immune system and how much sleep is enough.
BROCHURE
This brochure describes the differences between the types of sleep needed to feel awake and to be healthy and offers tips for getting a good night’s sleep.
Heart and circulatory system
When you fall asleep and enter non-REM sleep, your blood pressure and heart rate fall. During sleep, your parasympathetic system controls your body, and your heart does not work as hard as it does when you are awake. During REM sleep and when waking, your sympathetic system is activated, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure to the usual levels when you are awake and relaxed. A sharp increase in blood pressure and heart rate upon waking has been linked to angina, or chest pain, and heart attacks.
People who do not sleep enough or wake up often during the night may have a higher risk of:
Hormones and sleep
Your body makes different
hormone
hormone
(HOR-mone):
Substance made in glands throughout the body. Hormones are released into the blood to travel throughout the body to control other body functions.
at different times of day. This may be related to your sleep pattern or your circadian clocks. In the morning, your body releases hormones that promote alertness, such as cortisol, which helps you wake up. Other hormones have 24-hour patterns that vary throughout your life; for example, in children, the hormones that tell the glands to release testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone are made in pulses at night, and the pulses get bigger as puberty approaches.
Metabolism and sleep
The way your body handles fat varies according to various circadian clocks, including those in the liver, fat, and muscle. For example, the circadian clocks make sure that your liver is prepared to help digest fats at appropriate times. Your body may handle fat differently if you eat at unusual times.
Studies have shown that not getting enough quality sleep can lead to:
- Higher levels of the hormones that control hunger, including leptin and ghrelin, inside your body
- Decreased ability to respond to
insulin
insulin
(IN-suh-lin):
A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood by moving it into the cells, where it can be used by the body for energy. It also can reduce the amount of glucose that the liver releases into the blood. High blood glucose levels in type I diabetes are caused by the loss of islet cells in the pancreas and inability to make insulin. High blood glucose levels occur in type II diabetes because the body becomes unable to respond to insulin to control glucose levels and progressive loss of islet cells in the pancreas.
- Increased consumption of food, especially fatty, sweet, and salty foods
- Decreased physical activity
- Metabolic syndrome
All of these contribute to overweight and obesity.
Respiratory and immune systems
During sleep, you breathe less often and less deeply and take in less oxygen. These changes can cause problems in people who have health problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma symptoms are usually worse during early morning sleep. Likewise, breathing problems in people who have lung diseases such as COPD can become worse during sleep.
Sleep also affects different parts of your immune system, which become more active at different times of day. For example, when you sleep, a particular type of immune cell works harder. That is why people who do not sleep enough may be more likely to get colds and other infections.
FACT SHEET
Sleep Fact Sheet
Learn some sleep terms and find out about treatments that can help with sleep apnea.
Problems with thinking and memory
Sleep helps with learning and the formation of long-term memories. Not getting enough sleep or enough high-quality sleep can lead to problems focusing on tasks and thinking clearly. Read our Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency page for more information on how lack of sleep affects performance of daily activities, including driving and schoolwork.
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