How the world eliminated lead from gasoline

Thomas Midgley Jr. has been named a “one-man environmental disaster” for two big reasons.

He was one of the early pioneers of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – compounds that became widely used in industry – and which were destroying the ozone layer.

He also invented leaded gasoline and insisted that it was safe to use. This turned out to be wrong. It exposed large numbers of people to lead poisoning, which is linked to elevated blood pressure and kidney damage; as well as the impairment of brain development and cognitive function in children.[1]

The world started adding lead to gasoline in the 1920s. The reason was that it is an ‘antiknock agent’ which improved the efficiency of vehicles and the performance of the engine. It turned clunky engines into smoothly running engines.

But lead proved to be a toxic pollutant – particularly for children. Using it in gasoline was polluting the air in towns and cities across the world, with large impacts to human health.

There had been concerns about the health impacts of leaded gasoline throughout most of the first half of the 20th century. However, with no real empirical evidence to show, these worries were quickly dismissed. It wasn’t until 1969 that the first clinical studies showed that it had toxic impacts on humans.[2] From there, the evidence of the extent of lead poisoning, and its potential link with poor cognitive performance in children, continued to grow.[3]

In response, many countries began to phase out leaded gasoline in the 1970s. The US Environment Protection Agency, for example, issued guidelines to reduce lead content in 1983. But it wasn’t until 1986 – six decades after its introduction – that Japan became the first country to ban it completely. Three and a half decades later – in 2021 – Algeria became the last country to ban it.[4]

In the interactive map [you can use the time-slider at the bottom to go back in time] you can see how the world achieved this: year-by-year more and more countries banned it.

Change can happen quickly

It took long to react, but once the evidence was there and the first country banned it is staggering how quickly some of this progress was made. In 2002, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) launched a programme to eliminate leaded gasoline in road vehicles globally.[5] In the map below we see the status of leaded gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2002. It was still in use in nearly every country. By 2006, it had been banned everywhere in the region. Within only a few years it had been completely eliminated.

Action can happen quickly. Especially when there are large threats to human health on the line. The pace of action on leaded gasoline should make clear that this same pace could be replicated in other important areas.

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Endnotes

[1] Attina, T. M., & Trasande, L. (2013). Economic costs of childhood lead exposure in low-and middle-income countries. Environmental health perspectives, 121(9), 1097-1102. Lanphear et al. (2005) Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives.

2] Stasik, M., Byczkowska, Z., Szendzikowski, S., & Fiedorczuk, Z. (1969). [Acute tetraethyllead poisoning. Archiv für Toxikologie, 24(4), 283-291.

3] The psychologist, Herbert Needleman, was one of the leading researchers in this area. He published several works measuring levels of lead exposure in children – often through lead concentrations in their teeth – and correlations between lead exposure and school performance. Needleman, H. L., Davidson, I., Sewell, E. M., & Shapiro, I. M. (1974). [Subclinical lead exposure in Philadelphia schoolchildren: identification by dentine lead analysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 290(5), 245-248.

[4] Leaded gasoline is now banned for use in road vehicles in every country. It is still used in some smaller planes in the aviation industry.

5] This campaign was part of its [Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) programme.

Where this page came from

This page was imported from Our World in Data. “How the world eliminated lead from gasoline” by Hannah Ritchie (January 11, 2022), published by Our World in Data under CC BY 4.0. Changed here: set as a page, its interactive charts shown as pictures. Data from third parties keeps its own licence.

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