Pesticides in Wyoming's rivers, 2006-10

Introduction

In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed a study in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA) to determine the occurrence of pesticides in four major rivers within the Bighorn and North Platte River Basins in Wyoming (Eddy-Miller and others, 2007). Surface-water samples were collected at five sites (fig. 1) during three different times of the year and detectable concentrations of pesticides were measured in samples collected during all three sampling events (table 1). In 2009–10, the USGS, in cooperation with the WDA, resampled three of the sites from the 2006 study and three additional sites (fig. 1) located in areas of interest to the State of Wyoming to further describe the occurrence of pesticides in Wyoming’s rivers. The change was made in order to include sites located near cities and towns. Results from the 2009–10 sampling along with comparisons to data collected in 2006 are presented in this fact sheet.

Sample Collection and Analyses

For the 2009–10 sampling, two samples were collected from each of the six sites, one in late summer (August or September) 2009 and one in mid-spring (April or May) 2010. The late summer sampling corresponded with the late growing season and the mid-spring sampling corresponded with postapplication of pesticides. The samples were collected using standard methods described

Figure 1. Sites sampled in 2009–10 were located in the Bighorn, North Platte, Green, and Belle Fourche River Basins.

[Pesticide trade names and degradate names in parentheses if different from pesticide name (Meister, 2002); pesticide abbreviations are given in braces; pesticides in color were detected in the corresponding year(s): yellow, 2006; pink, 2006 and 2009–10; purple, 2009–10]

Acetochlor (Guardian, Harness, Relay)

Acifluorfen (Blazer, Tackle 2S, Astic)

Alachlor (Alanex, Lasso, Shroud)

Aldicarb (Temik)

Aldicarb sulfone (Standak, aldicarb degradate)

Aldicarb sulfoxide (aldicarb degradate)

Aminomethylphosphonic acid (glyphosate degradate)

Atrazine (Aatrex, Atranex)

Azinphos-methyl (Guthion, Crysthyon)

Azinphos-methyl-oxon (azinphos-methyl degradate)

Bendiocarb (Ficam, Garrox, Turcam)

Benfluralin (Balan, Benefin)

Benomyl (Benlate, Benex)

Bensulfuron-methyl (Escuri, Londax)

Bentazon (Basagram, Bentzone)

Bromacil (Hyvar X)

Bromoxynil (Buctril, Brominal, Agristar)

Carbaryl (Carbatox, Sevin)

Carbofuran (Furadan, Futura)

Chloramben, methyl ester (Chloramben)

Chlordiamino-s-triazine {CAAT} (Atrazine degradate)

Chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic, Darban, Lory)

2-Chloro-2,6-diethylacetanilide (alachlor degradate)

2-Chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine {CIAT} (atrazine degradate)

2-Chloro-6-ethylamino-4-amino-s-triazine {CEAT} (atrazine degradate)

4-Chloro-2-methylphenol (MCPA degradate)

3(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea (diuron degradate)

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)

Clopyralid (Stinger, Lontrel)

Cyanazine (Bladex)

Cycloate (Ro-Neet)

Cyfluthrin (Decathlon)

The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government or the Wyoming State Government.

Pesticide or degradate not analyzed for in 2006.

Pesticide or degradate not analyzed for in 2009–10. 2,4-D (Dacamine, Weed-B-Gon)

2,4-DB (Butoxone, Butyrac)

Dacthal monoacid (Dacthal degradate)

Desulfinylfipronil (Fipronil degradate)

Desulfinylfipronil amide (Fipronil degradate)

Diazinon (Basudin, Spectracide, Knoxout)

Dicamba (Banvel, Banex)

3,4-Dichloroaniline (Chloramben degradate)

3,5-Dichloroaniline (Diuron degradate)

Dichlorprop (Weedone, Polymone)

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

Dicrotophos (Bidrin)

Dieldrin (Panoram D-31, Octalox)

2,6-Diethylaniline (alachlor degradate)

Dimethoate (Trounce)

Dinoseb (Premerge)

Diphenamid (Dymid, Enide)

Disulfoton (Di-Syston)

Disulfoton sulfone (disulfoton degradate)

Diuron (Durashield, Karmex)

alpha-Endosulfan (Thiodan, Tiovel)

Endosulfan sulfate (alpha-endosulfan degradate)

EPTC (Eptam, Eradicane)

Ethion (Ethanox, Rhodocide)

Ethoprophos (Mocap, Prophos)

2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline (metalachlor degradate)

Fenamiphos sulfone (fenamiphos degradate)

Fenamiphos sulfoxide (fenamiphos degradate)

Fipronil (Regent)

Fipronil sulfide (fipronil degradate) Fipronil sulfone (fipronil degradate)

Flumetsulam (Broadstrike)

Fluometuron (Cotoran)

Fonofos (Dyfonate)

Hexazinone (Velpar)

3-Hydroxycarbofuran (carbofuran degradate)

2-Hydroxy-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine {OIET} (atrazine degradate)

Imazaquin (Scepter)

Imazethapyr (New Path, Pursuit)

Imidacloprid (Admire, Provado)

Iprodione (Kidan)

Isofenphos (Oftanol, Lighter)

lambda-Cyhalothrin (Charge, Karate)

Linuron (Linurex, Lorox)

Malaoxon (malathion degradate)

Malathion (Cythion, Malaspray)

MCPA (Solve, MCP)

MCPB (Butoxone M40, Thistrol)

Metalaxyl (Apron, Ridamil, Subdue)

Methidathion (Supra)

Methiocarb (Mesurol)

Methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)

Metolachlor (Bicep, Dual)

Metribuzin (Lexone, Sencor)

Metsulfuron methyl (Ally, Escort)

Molinate (Hydram, Ordram)

Myclobutanil (Eagle, Nova)

1-Naphthol (carbaryl degradate)

Neburon (Granurex, Propuron)

Nicosulfuron (Accent, OneHope)

Norflurazon (Zorial, Solicam)

Oryzalin (Surflan) Oxamyl (Vydate)

Oxyfluorfen (Offside, Goal)

Paraoxon-methyl (parathion-methyl degradate)

Parathion-methyl (Alkron, Bladan, Fighter)

Pendimethalin (Prowl, Stomp)

cis-Permethrin (Ambush, Pounce)

Phorate (Thimet, Rampart)

Phosmet (Imidan)

Picloram (Tordon)

Prometon (Pramitol, Gesafram)

Prometryn (Cotton-pro)

Propanil (Stamp)

Propargite (Comite, Omite)

Propham (Chem Hoe)

Propiconazole (Banner)

cis-Propiconazole (Banner)

trans-Propiconazole (Banner)

Propoxur (Baygone, Suncide)

Propyzamide (Kerb)

Siduron (Tupersan)

Simazine (Aquazine, Princep)

Sulfometuron-methyl (Oust)

Tebuconazole (Elite)

Tebuthiuron (Graslan, Spike)

Tefluthrin (Force)

Terbacil (Sinbar, Herbicide 732)

Terbufos (Counter, Contraven)

Terbuthylazine (Gardoprim)

Thiobencarb (Bolero, Saturn)

Tribufos (DEF 6)

Triclopyr (Garlon)

Trifluralin (Treflan, Trim)

USGS National Water Quality Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, and to the USGS Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas. The two laboratories analyzed for 134 different pesticides and degradates (compounds that result from pesticides breaking down) in the samples collected during 2009–10 (table 1; Furlong and others, 2001; Sandstrom and others, 2001; Zimmerman and others, 2001).

Pesticide Occurrence

Complete analytical results from all samples collected can be found at http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/wy/nwis/qwdata using the site numbers shown on figure 1. Twenty-eight different pesticides or degradates were detected in 2009–10 (table 1); however, all concentrations were much less than associated drinking-water standards (table 2). In comparison to pesticide results from samples collected in 2006, 12 compounds were detected in samples collected in 2009– 10 that were not detected in 2006, whereas 4 compounds detected in 2006 were not detected in samples collected in 2009–10 (table 1). An additional two compounds that were not analyzed for in the 2006 samples were detected in the 2009–10 samples, and one compound detected in 2006 samples was not analyzed for in 2009–10 samples because of changes in the analytical schedules by the laboratory. At least one pesticide or degradate was detected in samples collected from five of the sites in 2009 and from all six sites in 2010 (fig. 2). All sites had a larger number of pesticides detected in the mid-spring samples (2010) compared the late summer samples (2009). Most pesticides or degradates detected during the 2009 and 2010 sampling were herbicides or their degradates (table 2). Two insecticides and one fungicide also were detected. The most commonly detected compound was the glyphosate degradate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, which was found in 75 percent of all samples (fig. 3).

Figure 2. A larger number of pesticides were detected in samples collected in the mid-spring than in the late summer at all sites.

[USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; μg/L, micrograms per liter; --, not established]

Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide Atrazine 2-Chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylaminos-triazine Benfluralin Benomyl Bentazon Chloramben 3,4-Dichloroaniline 2,4-D 2,4-DB

Diuron EPTC Fipronil Desulfinylfipronil Glyphosate Aminomethylphosphonic acid Hexazinone Malathion MCPA 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol Metalaxyl Metolachlor Metribuzin Pendimethalin Prometon Sulfometuron-methyl Trifluralin

MCL, USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006).

LHA, USEPA Lifetime Health Advisory Level (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006).

Chloramben was not detected, however, it is the parent compound for 3,4-dichloroaniline, and is included in the table for clarification.

RSD4, USEPA Risk-Specific Dose at 10-4 Cancer Risk (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). 0.01 0.074 0.028 0.018

0.19 0.036 0.004 0.008 0.16 0.27 0.027 0.015 0.04 0.006 0.01 0.011 0.02 0.016 0.07 0.004 0.007 3 (MCL) 4 (MCL) 3 (MCL)

-- -- 200 (LHA) 100 (LHA)

-- 70 (MCL)

200 (RSD4)

-- -- -- 700 (MCL)

-- 400 (LHA) 100 (LHA) 30 (LHA)

-- -- 700 (LHA) 70 (LHA)

-- 100 (LHA)

-- 10 (LHA)

References Cited

Eddy-Miller, C.A., Boughton, G.K., and Woodruff, R.E., 2007, Pesticides in surface water in the Bighorn River and North Platte River Basins, Wyoming, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007–3017, 4 p.

Furlong, E.T., Anderson, B.D., Werner, S.L., Soliven, P.P., Coffey, L.J., and Burkhardt, M.R., 2001, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory— Determination of pesticides in water by graphitized carbon-based solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4134, 73 p.

Meister, R.T., 2002, Farm chemicals handbook: Willoughby, Ohio, Meister Publishing Co., variable pagination.

Sandstrom, M.W., Stroppel, M.E., Foreman, W.T., and Schroeder, M.P., 2001, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of moderate-use pesticides and selected degradates in water by C-18 solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4098, 70 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006, 2006 Edition of the drinking-water standards and health advisories: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA 822– R–06–013, summer 2006, 11 p., accessed January 22, 2008, at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/drinking/dwstandards.pdf.

Percentage of detections

U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated, National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chaps. A1–A9, accessed November 29, 2010, at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, National Water Information System, accessed November 18, 2010 at: http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/wy/nwis/.

Zimmerman, L.R., Strahan, A.P., and Thurman, E. M., 2001, Methods of analysis and quality-assurance practices by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group—Determination of four selected mosquito insecticides and a synergist in water using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01–273, 11 p.

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