Status of surface-water modeling in the U.S. Geological Survey

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

CONTENTS

Abstract ----------------------------------------- 1 Introduction --------------------------------------- 1 Surface-water modeling activities before 1970 ----------------------- 2 Recent developments ----------------------------------- 3 Current surface-water modeling activities ------------------------- 4 References before 1970 ---------------------------------- 7 Recently published selected references--------------------------- 11 Specialized hydraulics---------------------------------- 11 Flow routing ------------------------------------- 12 Sedimentation ------------------------------------ 13 Water quality------------------------------------- 13 Surface exchange ----------------------------------- 14 Coupled stream-aquifer system ---------------------------- 15 Physical hydrology ---------------------------------- 15 Statistical hydrology --------------------------------- 16 Management and operations------------------------------ 16 Miscellaneous hydrologic studies --------------------------- 17

TABLE

TABLE 1. Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey------------- 5

By Marshall E. Jennings and Nobuhiro Yotsukura

The U.S. Geological Survey is active in the development and use of models for the analysis of various types of surface-water problems. Types of problems for which models have been, or are being developed, include categories such as the following: (1) specialized hydraulics, (2) flow routing in streams, estuaries, lakes, and reservoirs, (3) sedimentation, (4) transport of physical, chemical, and biological constituents, (5) surface exchange of heat and mass, (6) coupled stream-aquifer flow systems, (7) physical hydrology for rainfall-runoff relations, stream-system simulations, channel geometry, and water quality, (8) statistical hydrology for synthetic streamflows, floods, droughts, storage, and water quality, (9) management and operation problems, and (10) miscellaneous hydrologic problems. Following a brief review of activities prior to 1970, the current status of surface-water modeling is given as being in a developmental, verification, operational, or continued improvement phase. A list of recently published selected references, provides useful details on the characteristics of models.

INTRODUCTION One of the primary missions of the U.S. Geological Survey is to conduct basic and applied research in the problems related to land-water environments. The research is conducted to improve understanding of natural land-water system processes such that quantitative predictions of system response to stress, either natural or man-made, can eventually be accomplished. Surface-water modeling based on a deterministic, statistical, or qualitative framework represents a large segment of continuing Survey research in land-water problems, although use of the terminology "surface-water problem" sometimes is arbitrary because of the integral nature of the hydrologic system involved. Surface-water models include not only those models which traditionally have been defined as rational representations of natural surface-water processes by use of hydraulic, hydrologic and geologic principles, but also those models which have recently been developed in order to cope with a rapidly expanding spectrum of surface-water problems. For example, systems-analysis models have become important tools for solving such problems as watershed management and gaging network design. Surface-water models are used by researchers and field hydrologists alike; by researchers to advance scientific knowledge of natural processes and systems, and by field hydrologists to provide predictive information for managers and planners. As management tools, surface-water models are being increasingly relied upon by decision makers who must plan under an "alternative futures" concept. The purpose of this report is to summarize the current status of surface-water modeling in the Geological Survey following a brief, but fairly complete, review of modeling activities before 1970. Two lists of references are attached for the reader interested in more details, namely, "Recently published selected references" including those published after 1970, and "References before 1970". The recently published references list the published work as of mid-1978. The references before 1970 list the work done through 1969; however, publication of a few reports was delayed as late as 1973. SURFACE-WATER MODELING ACTIVITES BEFORE 1970

Surface-water research within the Survey prior to 1930 was rather limited. Examples include a rainfall-runoff relations study by Rafter (1903), weir experiments by Horton (1906, 1907), a study of ice effects on stream flow by Hoyt (1913), and sediment-transport experiments by Gilbert (1914). The period between 1900 and 1940, however, was significant in that the Survey was actively engaged in the task of establishing nation-wide gaging networks and of improving stream-gaging techniques (Corbett and others, 1943). An expanded water-data base provided by the Survey contributed greatly to a solid growth of hydrologic knowledge; this growth was essential in assessing long term trends and in evaluating basin-wide characteristics for many surface-water problems. During the period between 1930 and 1950, statistics-based hydrology established itself as a distinct surface-water discipline, paralleling the more classic and deterministic hydraulics. Hydrologic models developed in this period include those for rainfall-runoff relation (Hoyt and others, 1936), flood hydrograph analysis (Jarvis and others, 1936; Langbein, 1940, 1944), and watershed characterization (Langbein and others, 1947). Beginning in the early 1950's, unprecedented expansion and diversification took place in surface-water modeling. The summary of modeling work after 1950 may be conveniently presented by following each specialized field studied by a more or less cohesive group of researchers. The study of evaporation and heat exchange in lakes and reservoirs is a field where mathematical models, successfully developed through an extensive study of Lake Hefner (U.S. Geological Survey, 1954), have had a long-standing impact on later activities within and without the Survey (Harbeck, 1955, 1962; Harbeck and others 1959; Koberg, 1964; Hughes, 1967). Another field with notable modeling accomplishment in the early 1950's is that of the hydraulics of flow through weirs, culverts, and bridge constrictions (Kindsvater and others, 1953; Carter, 1957; Tracy, 1957; Davidian and others, 1962; Kindsvater, 1964). Models for channel boundary roughness and resistance were also developed by this group (Tracy and Lester, 1961; Barnes, 1967). Sediment transport has long been the subject of interest at the USGS. Early efforts (Love and Benedict, 1948); Hains and others, 1952; Colby and others, 1953; Colby and Hembree, 1955) were succeeded after the late 1950's by extensive flume experiments and theoretical analyses of highly stochastic transport mechanics (Simons and Albertson, 1961; Colby, 1964; Nordin, 1963; Guy, 1964; Nordin and Beverage, 1965; Simons and others, 1965; Guy and others, 1966; and Williams, 1967). Note that the above listing represents a small portion of research outcomes in this particular field, which, in the last 20 years, grew to be almost independent of other surface-water hydraulics studies. Until the early 1970's, most sedimentation studies where carried out in Fort Collins, Colo., in cooperation with Colorado State University. The Fort Collins unit also conducted research in dispersion and reaeration problems and functioned as a focal point of surface-water research and training. Channel morphology and watershed characteristics are very closely related to sediment transport as well as to extreme flows. Modeling of these processes expanded drastically since the early 1950's (Leopold and Maddock, 1953; W olman, 1955; Leopold and others, 1960; Leopold and Miller, 1956; Leopold and Wolman, 1957; Bagnold, 1960, 1966; Brush, 1961; Wolman and Brush, 1961; Leopold and others, 1966; Kilpatrick and Barnes, 1964; Langbein and Leopold, 1966, 1968; Simons and Richardson, 1966; Leopold and Langbein, 1962; and Scheidegger and Langbein, 1966). Regionalized hydrologic and morphologic characteristics were reported by Troxell and others, 1954; Culler, 1961; Hadley and Schumm, 1961; Schumm, 1960, 1963; Kennon and Peterson, 1960; and Peterson, 1962. On reservoir storage problems, early works (Langbein and others, 1951; Culler and Peterson, 1953) were later succeeded by more probablistic models (Langbein, 1958; Riggs and Hardison, 1973; Hardison, 1968). In view of current environmental concerns, it is also significant that concepts of ecology, conservation, and water management were introduced by Survey researchers in the late 1950's (Leopold, 1958, 1959, 1960a-b; Langbein, 1959; and N ace, 1960). Analysis of flood and drought frequency and magnitude started in the late 1940's (Langbein, 1949; Dalrymple, 1950; Carter, 1951). Because of the perennial importance and high priority of this problem among surface-water problems, intensive efforts of the Geological Survey were invested in the analyses by means of statistical treatment of data and empirical correlation with watershed variables (Dalrymple, 1960; Benson, 1962, 1964; Mitchell, 1962; Hardison and Martin, 1963; Hardison, 1969; Reid and others, 1968; Cruff and Rantz, 1965; Riggs, 1965). Efforts were also directed toward close cooperation with other Federal, state, and local government agencies. The outcome of this cooperation was a series of Water Supply Papers, 1961-1689, published between 1963 and 1968 explaining regionalized flood frequency prediction methods (Green, 1964; Tice, 1968; Speer and Gamble, 1964, 1965; Barnes and Golden, 1966; Wiitala, 1965; Patterson, 19646, 1965, 1966; Patterson and Somers, 1966; Patterson and Gamble, 1968; Matthai, 1968; Butler and others, 1966; Young and Cruff, 1967; Bodhaine and Thomas, 1964; and Hulsing and Kallio, 1964). Introduction of probability theories and statistical information theory contributed substantially to the advancement of mathematical aspects of extreme flow statistics (Matalas, 1963; Matalas and Jacobs, 1964; and Fiering, 1963). Use of high-speed digital computers by Survey researchers became popular in the early 1960's. A large number of old and new problems, which hitherto were unapproachable, became solvable by means of numerical simulations and experiments in both hydraulic and hydrologic specializations. In deterministic modeling, numerical techniques were developed for the solution of transient flow of estuaries (Baltzer and Shen, 1961; Lai, 1965; and Baltzer and Lai, 1968), for solutions of solute transport in upland streams (Yotsukura and Fiering, 1964), and for the simulation of rainfall-runoff processes on small watersheds (Dawdy and O'Donnell, 1965). In stochastic modeling, probabilistic numerical experiments became important tools for advancing synthetic hydrology and systems-analysis research (Matalas, 1967, 1968; Matalas and Gilroy, 1968; Kirby, 1969). Awareness of new surface-water problems was probably as significant as the introduction of digital computers in inducing another marked expansion of Survey modeling activities in the early 1960's. Research efforts began in new problems such as estuarine discharges (Rantz, 1963; Dempster and Lutz, 1968; Cummings, 1968; Peterson and Carlson, 1968 ), transport and reaction of water-quality constituents (Sayre and others, 1963; Glover, 1964; Kennedy, 1965; Pickering and others, 1965; Fischer, 1967, 1968; Carrigan, 1968; Sayre and Chang, 1968; Pickering, 1969; and Godfrey and Frederick, 1970), statistical analysis of water-quality constituents (Dawdy and Feth, 1967; Moore, 1967; Steele, 1968; and Collings, 1969), stream reaeration (Langbein and Durum, 1967; Durum and Langbein, 1966), timeof-travel (Searcy and Davis, 1961; Bauer, 1968), flow under ice (Carey, 1967), urban hydrology (Harris and Rantz, 1964; Leopold, 1968; Dawdy, 1969; Vice and others, 1969), glacial hydrology (Meier, 1969), and gaging network design and error analysis (Leopold, 1962; Carter and others, 1963). In concluding this brief summary of surface-water modeling before 1970, note that many modeling activities after 1970 are continuous and identifiable with those established earlier and previously described. With recent improvements in data transmission and computer utilization, however, modeling activities after 1970 have shifted substantially toward mathematical or quantitative descriptions. Documentation and standardization of model utilization in field problems have been important activities of Geological Survey research. Earlier standardized procedures for general surface-water techniques were purblished as Water-Supply Paper 1541 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1960a) and those for flood-flow techniques as Water-Supply Paper 1543 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1960b). Starting in 1967, the TWRI (Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations) series has represented the most convenient form of publishing standardized techniques which were derived from models and tested for field and office applications.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Several changes affecting the conduct of water research took place in the early 1970's. Nearly all Geological Survey field offices obtained access to Survey central computers through terminals. The field offices thus became equipped with the capability of handling data and models routinely and in close cooperation with research specialists. Another change was the opening of the GCHC (Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center) near Bay St. Louis, Miss., in 1971. The GCHC absorbed almost all of the research and instrumentation activities previously held at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., and at Columbus, Ohio. The GCHC facilities, including a 300-feet-wide outdoor flume and a modern instrument shop, became the Geological Survey national core for hydraulic experiments and instrumentation. The initiation of remote sensing activities in the Survey is also a notable recent development, in which application of earth-satellite technology is expected to provide a cost-effective means of automatic data collection and transmission from widely scattered gaging stations. One major characteristic of recent surface-water modeling is the emphasis on water quality problems which arose in connection with environmental pollution. Problems such as deoxygenation, thermal loading, pesticide pollution, and aquatic eutrophication have begun to impose an unprecedented degree of interdisciplinary cooperation among various research specializations. Studies of water-quality assessment in major river basins were begun with the assessment of the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The success of this study lead to two subsequent projects, namely, the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming, and the Chattahoochee River basin, Georgia, and to a continuing program of such studies at field level. Specialized water-quality approaches such as tracer technology applied to reaeration determination and waste transport simulation in estuaries were developed and refined. Some phases of research in water quantity were subjected to new evaluations. An extensive evaluation of the streamflow data collection program indicated that the existing program was not providing homogeneous data for regulated streams. Mathematical models of stream systems were developed to reflect the effect of regulation, storage, diversion, and management practices on streamflow. The expansion and implementation of numerical rainfall-runoff models were started on a nationwide scale. In addition to providing tools for flood-frequency analysis on small, rural streams, rainfall-runoff modeling has been expanded to address problems of hydrologic consequences of land-use such as energy development and urbanization. Such models include both quantity and quality components. Because of the preponderance of computerbased modeling in the 1970's, a series of computer-program user manuals was started as U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contributions. These are available through the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151.

CURRENT SURFACE-WATER MODELING ACTIVITIES

The current status of surface-water modeling, a continuing research activity of U.S. Geological Survey, is summarized in table 1. Investigators listed in the table are those who have been actively engaged in research between 1970 and 1978, and publications include only those published after 1970. In order to facilitate comparative reference, table 1 is prepared in the same format as that in the companion report for ground-water modeling. Some comments are in order regarding the classification of phases of modeling activity. Models in the "developmental" phase are those in an active stage of conceptualization and formulation. To state that a model is in the "verification" phase means that tests are being made to determine how satisfactorily model output represents, quantitatively and qualitatively, a natural physical process. Verification involves direct comparison of observed and model-computed responses based on a few sets of input data. Data used in the calibration of a model normally is not included in observed response data for verification. Because of the above reason, statistics-based

TABLE I.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey TABLE 1.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey-Continued

TABLE 1.-Status of surface-water modeling, U.S. Geological Survey-Continued

models, which generally make use of all available data, cannot be subjected to verification. Models listed in the "operational" phase are ready to be applied to field problems and are documented in some form. In many "operational" models, additional efforts are being made to improve accuracy, flexibility, or convenience of application. This phase is defined as "continued improvement." Many investigators other than those listed in table 1 are, or have been, involved in the particular modeling activity. The investigators listed in table 1 can be located through the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, National Center, Reston, Virginia 22092. The "recently published" references in table 1 provide useful details on the characteristics and capabilities of the subject model. These as well as additional references are given in the list "Recently published selected references.'' The list is not meant to be exhaustive of all publications. In particular, the references in the categories of ''Sedimentation,'' '' Statistical Hydrology,'' and "Management and Operations" represent a very limited portion of documents and publication available in these specialized fields. REFERENCES BEFORE 1970

Bagnold, R. A., 1960, Some aspects of the shape of river meanders: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-E, p. E135-E144. ___ 1966, An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-1, p. 11-137. Baltzer, R. A., and Lai, C., 1968, Computer simulation of unsteady flows in waterways: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 94, n. HY 4, p. 1083-1117.

density in tidal reaches: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 35 p. Barnes, H. H., Jr., 1967, Roughness characteristics of natural channels: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1849, 213 p. Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 2-B, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeeche River to Pearl River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1674, 409 p. Brush, L. M., Jr., 1961, Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-F, p. F145-F181. Butler, E. B., Reid, J. K., and Berwick, V. K., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 10, The great basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1684, 256 p. Hardison, C. H., 1968, Storage to augment low flow: Reservoir Yield Symposium, Water Research Association, Buckinghamshire, England, September 21-23, 1968, p. D8-7; D8-12. ___ 1969, Accuracy of streamflow characteristics: U.S.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-D, p.

D210-D214. Hardison, C. H., and Martin, R. 0. R., 1963, Low-flow frequency curves for selected long-term stream-gaging stations in Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-G, p. G1-G30. Harris, E. E., and Rantz, S. E., 1964, Effect of urban growth on streamflow regimen of Permanente Creek, Santa Clara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-B, p. B1-B18. Horton, R. E., 1906, Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 150, 189 p. ___ 1907, Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas:

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 200, 195 p. Hoyt, W. G., 1913, The effects of ice on streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 337, 77 p. Hoyt, W. G. and others, 1936, Studies of relations of rainfall and runoff in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 772, 301 p. Hughes, G. H., 1967, Analysis of techniques used to measure evaporation from Salton Sea, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-H, p. H151-H176.

Hulsing, Harry, and Kallio, N. A., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 14, Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1689, 320 p. Jarvis, C. S. and others, 1936, Floods in the United States, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 771, 497 p. Kennedy, V. C., 1965, Mineralogy and cation-exchange capacity of sediments from selected streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 443-D, p. Dl-D28. Kennon, F. W., and Peterson, H. V., 1960, Hydrology of Cornfield Wash, Sandoval County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-B, p. B45-B103. Kilpatrick, ·F. A., and Barnes, H. H., Jr., 1964, Channel geometry of Piedmont streams as related .to frequency of floods: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-E, p. E1-E10. Kindsvater, C. E., 1964, Discharge characteristics of embankment-shaped weirs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1617-A, p. A1-A114. Kindsvater, C. E., Carter, R. W., and Tracy, H. J.,·1953, Computation of peak discharge at contractions: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 284, 35 p. Kirby, W. H., 1969, On the random occurrence of major floods: Water Resources Research, v. 5, no. 4, p. 778-784. Koberg, G. E., 1964, Methods to compute long-wave radiation from the atmosphere and reflected solar radiation from a water surface: U.S. Geological Professional Paper 272-F, p. F107-F136. Lai, C., 1965, Flows of homogeneous density in tidal reaches, solution by implicit method: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 38 p. Langbein, W. B., 1940, Some channel storage and unit hydrograph studies: Transactions of American Geophysical Union, v. 21, p. 620-627. __ 1944, Peak discharge from daily records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Bulletin, p. 145. __ 1949, Annual floods and the partial duration flood series: Transactions of American Geophysical Union, v. 30, p. 879-881. __ 1958, Queuing theory and water storage: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 84, no. HY5, 24 p. __ 1959, Water yield and reservoir storage in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 409, 5 p. Langbein, W. B., and Durum W. H., 1967, The aeration capacity of streams: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 542, 6 p. Langbein, W. B., Hains, C. H., and Culler, R. C., 1951, Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 110, 18 p. Langbein, W. B., and Leopold, L. B., 1966, River meanders - theory of minimum variance: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-H, p. H1-H15.

__ 1968, River channel bars and dunes - theory of kinematic waves: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-L, p. L1-L20. Langbein, W. B., and others, 194 7, Topographic characteristics of drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 968-C, p. C125-C157. Leopold, L. B., 1958, Water and the conservation movement:

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 402, 12 p. __ 1959, Probability analysis applied to a water-supply problem: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 410, 18 p. -___ 1960a, Conservation and protection: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-A, p. A1-A5. __ 1960b, The challenge of water management: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-B, p. B7-B13. ___ 1960c, The conservation attitude: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-C, p. C15-C19. ___ 1960d, Ecological systems and the water resources:

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414-D, p. D21-D26. ___ 1962, A national network of hydrologic bench marks:

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 460-B, B1-B4. ___ 1968, Hydrology for urban land planning - a guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 554, 18 p. Leopold, L. B., Bagnold, R. A., Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L. M. Jr., 1960, Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-D, D111-D134. Leopold, L. B., Emmett, W. W., and Myrick, R. M., 1966, Channel and hillslope processes in a semiarid area, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 352-G, p. G193-G253. Leopold, L. B., and Langbein, W. B., 1962, The concept of entropy in landscape evolution: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 500-A, p. A1-A20. Leopold, L. B., and Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1953, The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252, 57 p. Leopold, L. B., and Miller J. P., 1956, Ephemeral streamshydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net:

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-A, p.

A1-A37. Leopold, L. B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-B, p. B39-B85. Love, S. K., and Benedict, P. C., 1948, Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho, 1939-40: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1048, 150 p. Matalas, N. C., 1963, Probability distribution of low flows:

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 434-A, p.· A1-A27. ___ 1967, Mathematical assessment of synthetic hydrology: Water Resources Research, v. 3., no. 4, p. 937-945. ___ 1968, Optimum gaging-station location: IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Water and Air Resource Management, Yorktown Heights, New York, Proceedings, p. 85-94. Matalas, N. C., and Gilroy, E. J., 1968, Some comments on regionalization in hydrologic studies: Water Resources Research, v. 4, no. 6, p. 1361-1370. Matalas, N. C., and Jacobs, Barbara, 1964, A correlation procedure for augmenting hydrologic data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 434-E, p. E1-E7. Matthai, H. F., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 6-B, Missouri River basin below Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1680, 491 p. Mitchell, W. D., 1962, Effect of reservoir storage on peak flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1580-C, p. C1-C25. Meier, M. F., 1969, Glaciers and water supply: Journal of American WaterWorks Association, v. 61, no. 1, p. 8-12. Moore, A. M., 1967, Correlation and analysis of water-temperature data for Oregon streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1819-K, K1-K53. Nace, R. L., 1960, Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 415, 12 p. Nordin, C. F., Jr., 1963, A preliminary study of sediment transport parameters, Rio Puerco near Bernardo, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 462-C, p. C1-C21. Nordin, C. F., Jr., and Beverage, J.P., 1965, Sediment transport in the Rio Grande, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 462-F, p. F1-F35. Patterson, J. L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p. ___ 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 506 p. __ 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Paul 6-A, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679, 471 p. Patterson, J. L., and Gamble, C. R., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 5, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1678, 546 p. Patterson, J. L., and Somers, W. P ., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 9, Colorado River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1683, 475 p. Peterson, H. V., 1962, Hydrology of small watersheds in western States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-1, p. 1217-1356. Peterson, D. H., and Carlson, P. R., 1968, Influence of runoff on seasonal changes in salinity in San Francisco Bay, California: Transactions of American Geophysical Union, v. 49, p. 704. Pickering, R. J., 1969, Distribution of radio-nuclides in bottom sediment of the Clinch River, eastern Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 443-H, p. H1-H25. Pickering, R. J., Carrigan, P. H., Jr., Parker, F. L., 1965, The Clinch River study- an investigation of the fate of radionuclides, released to a surface stream: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 497, 12 p. Rafter, G. W., 1903, The relation of rainfall to runoff: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 80, 104 p. Rantz, S. E., 1963, An empirical method of determining momentary discharge of tide-affected streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1586-D, p. D1-D28. Reid, J. K. Carroon, L. E., and Pyper, G. E., 1968, Extensions of streamflow records in Utah: Utah State Department of Natural Resources, Technical Publication 20, 35 p. Riggs, H. C., 1965, Estimating probability distributions of drought flows: Water and Sewage Works, v. 112, no. 5, p. 153-157. Riggs, H. C., and Hardison, C. H., 1973, Storage analyses for water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, Chap. B2, 20 p. Sayre, W. W., and Chang, F. M., 1968, A laboratory investigation of open-channel dispersion processes for dissolved, suspended, and floating dispersants: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 433-E, E1-E71. Sayre, W. W. Guy, H. P., and Chamberlain, A. B., 1963, Uptake and transport of radionuclides of stream sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 433-A, p. A1-A35. Scheidegger, A. E., and Langbein, W. B., 1966, Probability concepts in geomorphology: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 500-C, p. C1-C14. Schumm, S. A., 1960, The shape of alluvial channels in relation to sediment type: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 352-B, p. B17-B30. ___ 1963, A tentative classification of alluvial river channels: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 477, 10 p. Searcy, J. K., and Davis, L. C., Jr., 1961, Time of travel of water in the Potomac River, Cumberland to Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 438, 12 p. Simons, D. B., and Albertson, M. L., 1961. Flume studies using medium sand (0.45 mm): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1498-A, p. A1-A76. Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V., 1966, Resistance to flow in alluvial channels: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-J, p. J1-J61. Simons, D. B., Richardson, E. V., and Nordin, C. F., Jr., 1965, Bedload equation for ripples and dunes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 462-H, p. H1-H9. Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 2-A South Atlantic slope basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1673, 329 p. __ 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United Statese-Part 3-A, Ohio River basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p. Steele, T. D., 1968, Digital-computer applications in chemical-quality studies of surface water in a small watershed: International Association of Scientific Hydrologic Publications, v. 1, no. 80, p. 203-214. Tice, R. H., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 1-B, North Atlantic slope basins, New York to York River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1672, 585 p. Tracy, H. J., 1957, Discharge characteristics of broadcrested weirs: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 397, 15 p. Tracy, H. J., and Lester, C. M., 1961, Resistance coefficients and velocity distribution, smooth rectangular channel: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1592-A, p. A1-A18. Troxell, H. C., and others, 1954, Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 1, 13 pls. U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Water-loss investigations:

Lake Hefner studies, technical report: U.S. Geological Professional Paper 269, 158 p. ___ 1060a. A. General introduction and hydrologic definitions; B. Double-mass curves and fitting curves to cyclic data; C. Graphical correlation of gaging-station records: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-A, -B, -C, 100 p. __ 1060b, A. Flood-frequency analysis; B. Storage and flood routing: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1543-A, -B, 104 p. Vice, R. B., Guy, H. P., and Ferguson, G. E., 1969, Sediment movement in an area of suburban highway construction, Scott Run basin, Fairfax County, Virginia 1961-1964: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-E, p. E1-E41. Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p. Williams, G. P., 1967, Flume experiments on the transport of a coarse sand: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 562-B, p. B1-B31. Wolman, M. G., 1955, The natural channel of Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 271, 56 p. Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L. M., Jr., 1961, Factors controlling the size and shape of stream channels of coarse noncohesive sands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-G, p. G191-G210. Yotsukura, N., and Fiering, M. B., 1964, Numerical Solution to a dispersion equation: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, v. 90, no. HY5, p. 83-105. Young, L. E., and Cruff, R. W., 1967, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States-Part II, Pacific slope basins in California-Volume 1, coastal basins south of the Klamath River basin and Central Valley drainage from the west: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1685, 272 p.

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Glass, W. R., Keefer, T. N., and Rankl, J. G., 1976, Hydrologic effects of hypothetical earthquake-caused floods below Jackson Lake, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 76-77, 32 p.

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Jennings, M. E., and Keefer, T. N., 1977, Routing of storm water flows through storm drains: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 3, p. 301-305.

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___ 1976, Two dam break routing models: Symposium on Inland Waterways for Navigation: Flood Control and Water Diversions, Rivers '76, Colorado State University, August 10-12, 1976, Proceedings.

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___ 1977, Computer simulation of two-dimensional unsteady flows in estuaries and embayments by method of characteristics-basic theory and the formulation of the numerical method: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-85, 50 p.

Lai, C., and Onions, C. A., 1976, Computation of unsteady flows in rivers and estuaries by the method of characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 100 p; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22151 as report PB-253 785.

Leendertse, J. J ., 1970, A water quality simulation model for well-mixed estuaries and coastal seas: principles of computation: v. I, RM-6230-RL, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

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Lutz, G. A., Hubbell, D. W., and Stevens, H. H., Jr., 1975, Discharge and flow distribution, Columbia River estuary: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 433-P, 31 p.

Sauer, V. B., 1973, Unit-response method of open-channel flow routing: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Proceedings, v. 99, no. HYl, Paper 9499, p. 179-193.

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Thompson, T. H., 1972, Reservoir bank storage: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-214 416, 85 p.

___ 197 4, Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 833, 16 p.

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Emmett, W. W., and Seitz, H. R., 1973, Suspended and bedload sediment transport in the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in the vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho- March 1972 through June 1973: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 78 p. · Frickel, D. G., Shown, L. M., and Patton, P. C., 1975, An evaluation of hillslope and channel erosion related to oilshale development in the Piceance basin, northwestern Colorado: Colorado Water Resources Circular 30, 37 p.

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Rathbun, R. E., and Kennedy, V. C., and Culbertson, J. K., 1971, Transport and dispersion of fluorescent tracer particles for the flat-bed condition, Rio Grande conveyance channel, near Bernardo, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 562-I, 56 p.

Adams, D. B., 1975, Predicted and observed temperature and water quality changes of lakes and reservoirs: Symposium on International Association of Hydrological Science, Tokyo Japan, Publication no. 117, p. 873-882.

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Jennings, M. E., 1977, Urban storm-water investigations in progress by the U.S. Geological Survey: Symposium on Water Quality Surveys, Metro• politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, April 20-21, 1977, 8 p.

Bauer, D.P., and Bennett, J.P., 1976, Unsteady state water-quality model: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 110 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-256 336.

Bauer, D. P., and Jennings, M. E., 1975, Steady-state segmented dissolved-oxygen model: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 104 p.; available only from U.S. Department ofCommerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-241 779.

Bauer, D.P., MacKenroth, E., 1974, One dimensional stream excess temperature analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 31 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Virginia 22151 as report PB-238 965.

Bauer, D. P., and Yotsukura, N., 1974, Two-dimensional excess temperature model for a thermally loaded stream: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, p. 118-126; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-238 126.

Bennett, J. P., 1974, Concepts of mathematical modeling of sediment yield: Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 485-492.

Brown, D. W., 1976, The absorption of lead from solution on streambed sediment: MS thesis, Chemistry Department, California State University, Hayward, California, 102 p.

Cherry, R. N., Faye, R. E., Stamer, J. K., Kleckner, R. L., 1978, Interim report on the intensive river-quality assessment of the upper Chattahoochee River Basin, Georgia: Special Symposium on River-Quality Assessments, American Water Resources Association, Tucson, Arizona, November 2-3, 1977, Proceedings, 36 p.

Conomos, T. J., and Peterson, D. H., 1975, Longitudinal distribution of selected micronutrients in northern San Francisco Bay during 1972: in Brown, R. L., ed., Workshop in algae nutrient relationships in the San Francisco Bay and Delta, The San Francisco Bay and Estuarine Association, November 1973, Proceedings, p. 103-126.

Haushild, W. L., and Prych, E. A., 1976, Modeling coilform bacteria and pH of the Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-415, 43 p.

Hem, J. D., and Steele, T. D., 1974, Water quality in U.S. Quadrennial Report to IUGG: Review of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 13, p. 461-468.

Hines, W. G., McKenzie, S. W., Richert, D. A., and Rinella, F. A., 1977, Dissolved-oxygen regimen of the Willamette R4ver, Oregon, under conditions of basin-wide secondary treatment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 715-1, 52 p.

Jackman, A. P., and Y otsukura, N ., 1977, Thermal loading of natural streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 991, 100 p.

Jenne, E. A., and Avotins, Peter, 1975, The time stability of dissolved mercury in water samples-!. Literature review: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 4, no. 4, p. 425-430.

Jennings, M. E., and Bauer, D.P., 1976, Determination of biochemical-oxygen-demand parameters: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contributions, 55 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-253 739.

Jennings, M. E., and Bryant, C. T., 1974, Water quality modeling for waste-load allocation studies in Arkansas-Stream dissolved oxygen and conservative minerals: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 18 p.

Jennings, M. E., and Doyle, W. H., Jr., 1978, Deterministic modeling of urban storm-water processes, Broward County, Florida: International Symposium on Urban Storm-Water Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, July 24-27, 1978, Proceedings 10 p.

Jobson, H. E., 1973, The dissipation of excess heat from water systems: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Power Division, v. 99, no. P03, p. 89-103.

___ 1977, Thermal model for evaporation from open channels: 17th Congress, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Baden Baden, Germany, August 14-19, 1977, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 95-102.

Jobson, H. E., and Keefer, T. N., 1978, Thermal modeling of highly transient flows in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia: Special Symposium on River-Quality Assessments, American Water Resources Association, Tucson, Arizona, November 2-3, 1977, Proceedings, 31 p.

Jobson, H. E., and Yotsukura, N., 1972, Mechanics of heat transfer in nonstratified open-channel flows, in Environmental impact on rivers (River mechanics Ill): Fort Collins, Colorado, edited and published by H. W. Shen, Chap.

Jones, B. F., Kennedy, V. C., and Zellweger, G. W., 1974, Comparison of observed and calculated concentrations of dissolved Aland Fe in stream water: Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 4, p. 791-793.

Kilpatrick, F. A., and Cummings, T. R., 1972, Tracer Simulation of potential solute movement in Port Royal Sound, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1586-J, p. J1-J27.

Kennedy, V. C., 1971, Silica variation in stream water with time and discharge, in Advances in Chemistry, Nonequilibrium Systems in Natural Water Chemistry: American Chemical Society, no. 106, p. 94-130.

Kennedy, V. C., and Malcolm, R. L., 1978, Geochemistry of the Mattole River of northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-205, 416 p.

Leland, H. V., 1976, An overview of heavy metals in surface waters: 2nd National Conference on Water Reuse: Published by American Institute of Chemical Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings, 15 p.

Luoma, S. N., and Jenne, E. A., 1976, Estimating Bio-availability of sediment-bound trace metals with chemical extractants: in Hemphill, D. D., ed., Trace Substances in Environmental Health-X, A symposium, University of Missouri, Columbia, p. 343-351.

McKenzie, S. W., and Miller, T. L., 1976, Basic data on urban storm-water quality, Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-594, 71 p.

Mattraw, H. C., and Sherwood, C. B., 1977, Storm-water runoff quality for a residential area, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 6, p. 823-834.

Miller, R. A., Mattraw, H. C., Jr., and Jennings, M. E., 1978, Statistical modeling of, urban storm-water processes, Broward County, Florida: International Symposium on Urban Storm-Water Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, July 24-27, 1978.

Peterson, D. H., McCulloch, D. S., Conomos, T. J., and Carlson, P. R., 1971, Distribution of lead and copper in surface sediments in San Francisco Bay estuary: U.S. Geological Survey open-file map.

Pluhowski, E. J., 1970, Urbanization and its effect on the temperature of the streams on Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 627-D, p. D1-D110.

Prych, G. A., Haushild, W. L., and Stoner, J.D., 1976, Numerical model of the salt-wedge reach of the Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 990, 34 p.

Rickert, D. A., Hines, W. G., and McKenzie, S. W., 1976, Methodology for river-quality assessment with application to the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 715-M, M1-M55.

Steele, T. D., 1974, Harmonic analysis of stream temperature: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-239 016, 100 p.

Stephens, D. W., and Jennings, M. E., 1976, Determination of primary productivity and community metabolism in streams and lakes using diel oxygen measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 100 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-256 645.

Yotsukura, N., Cory, R. L., and Murakami, K., 1972, A tracer simulation of waste transport in the Muddy Creek - Rhode River Estuary, Maryland: Chesapeake Science, v. 13, no. 2, p. 101-109.

Yotsukura, N., and Kilpatrick, F. A., 1973, Tracer simulation of soluble waste concentration: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Environmental Engineers Division, v. 99, no. EE4, p. 499-515.

Zand, S.M., and Kennedy, V. C., 1976, Solute transport and modeling of water quality in a small mountain stream: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 4, no. 2, p. 233-240.

Bennett, J.P., and Rathbun, R. E., 1971, Reaeration in open channel flow: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 737, 75 p.

Branson, F. A., and Shown, L. M., 1975, Soil-moisture stress as related to plant-moisture stress in Big Sagebrush: Journal of Range Management, v. 28, no. 3, 10 p.

Esen, I. 1., and Rathbun, R. E., 1976, A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 913, 58 p.

Hanson, R. L., and Dawdy, D. R., 1976, Accuracy of evapotranspiration rates determined by the water-budget method, Gila River flood plain, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-L, 35 p.

Jobson, H. E., 1972, Effect of using averaged dataq on the computed evaporation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research, v. 8, no. 2, p. 513-518.

___ 1973, Evaluation of turbulent transfer laws used in computing evaporation rates: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 169 p.

Jobson, H. E., and Yotsukura, N., 1972, Mechanics of heat transfer in nonstratified open-channel flows, in Environmental impact on rivers (River mechanics III): Fort Collins, Colorado, edited and published by H. W. Shen, Chap.

Rathbun, R. E., Shultz, D. J .. and Stephens, D. W., 1975, Preliminary experiments with a modified tracer technique for reaeration coefficient measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-256, 36 p.

Rathbun, R. E., Shultz, D. J., Stephens, D. W., and Tai, D. Y., 1977, Experimental modeling of the oxygen absorption characteristics of streams and rivers: International Association for Hydraulic Research, Baden-Baden, Germany, August 14-19, 1977, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 483-490.

Sturrock, A. M., 1977, Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, Calfornia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-74, 42 p.

Van Hylckama, T. E. A., 1975, Water use by salt cedar as measured by the water budget method: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-E, p. 1-30.

Yotsukura, N., Jackman, A. P., and Faust, C. R., 1973, The approximation of heat exchange at air-water interface: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research 1.9, no. 1, p. 118-128.

Durbin T. J., 1974, Hydrologic analysis of the Mojave River, California using a mathematical model: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Invesitgations 17-74, 50 p.

Land, L. F., 1977, Stream-aquifer interaction model: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 117 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-271 535.

Luckey, R. R., and Livingston, R. K., 1975, Reservoir release routing model for the upper Arkansas River basin of Colorado: Colorado Water Conservation Board, Water Resources Circular 27, 44 p.

Moench, A. F., Sauer, V. B., and Jennings, M. E., 1974, Modification of routed streamflow by channel loss and base flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 5,p. 963-968.

Pinder, G. F., and Sauer, S. P., 1971, Numerical simulation of flood wave modification due to bank storage effects: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 1, p. 63-70.

Armbruster, J. T., 1977, Flow routingin the Susquehanna River basin: Part I - Effects of Raystown lake on the low-flow frequency characteristics of the Juniata and lower Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-12, 35 p.

Boning, C. W., 1974, User's guide for a USGS rainfall-runoff model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-33, 17 sections.

Burns, A. W., and James, I. C., II, 1972, Computer simulation model of the Ipswich River basin: Massachusetts Division of Water Resources, 65 p.

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1973, Calibration of U.S. Geological Survey rainfall/runoff model for peak flow synthesis-natural basins: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 109 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-226 217.

Dawdy, D. R., Lichty, R. W., and Bergman, J. M., 1972, A rainfall-runoff simulation model for estimation of flood peaks for small drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 506-B, 28 p.

Durbin, T. J ., 197 4, Digital simulation of the effects of urbanization on runoff in the upper Santa Anna Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 41-73, 44 p.

Hauth, L. D., 1974, Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 708, 16 p.

Hollyday, E. F., 1976, Improving estimates of streamflow characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper929,p. 136-13& Jeffcoat, H. H., Jennings, M. E., Collins, 0. L., and Shearman, J. 0., 1976, Lakes Marion- Moultrie stream-system investigatio~: Part II - Simulation studies: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-11, 26 p.

Krug, W. R., 1976, Simulation of streamflow of Flambeau River at Fork Falls, Wisconsin to define low-flow characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-116, 14 p.

Lee, K. W., Kapple, G. W., and Dawdy, D. R., 1975, Rainfall-runoff relation for Redwood Creek above Quick, California: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 14 p.

Sauer, V. B., 1970, Rainfall-runoff-hydrograph relations for northern Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Public Works, Technical Report no. 3, 33 p.

Shearman, James 0., 1976, Computer applications for stepbackwater and floodway analyses, computer program E 431 user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-499, 103 p.

Shearman, J. 0., and Swisshelm, R. V., Jr., 1973, Derivation of homogeneous streamflow records in the upper Kentucky River basin, southeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 34 p.

Wibben, H. C., 1976, Application of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model to improve flood-frequency estimates on small Tennessee streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 76-120, 50 p.

Anderson, D. G., 1970, Effects of urban development on floods in northern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2001-C, Cl-C22.

Armbruster, J. T., 1976, Technical manual for estimating low-flow frequency characteristics of streams in the Susquehanna River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-51, 65 p.

Blakey, J. F., Hawkinson, R. 0., and Steele, T. D., 1972, An evaluation of water-quality records for Texas streams: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 54 p.

Burkham, D. E., and Dawdy, D. R., 1970, Error analysis of streamflow data for an alluvial stream, Gila River phreatophyte project: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-C, Cl-Cl3.

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1971, A flood-frequency relation based on regional record maxima: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 434-F, P. Fl-F22.

Close, E. R., Beard, L. R., and Dawdy, D. R., 1970, Objective determination of safety factor in reservoir design: American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, v. 96, no. HY5, p. 1167-1177.

Dempster, G. R., Jr., 1974, Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 60-73, 51 p.

Flippo, H. N., Jr., 1976, Floods in Pennsylvania: A manual for estimation of their magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-391, 113 p.

Golden, H. G., 1977, Preliminary flood-frequency relations for urban streams, metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77-57, 15 p.

Hardison, C. H., and Moss, M. E., 1972, Accuracy of low-flow characteristics estimated by correlation of base-flow measurements, manual of hydrology, Part 2, low-flow techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1542-B, p. Bl-B55.

Hedman, E. R., and Kastner, W. M., 1974, Progress on streamflow characteristics as related to channel geometry of streams in the Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 35 p.

Jennings, M. E., and Mattraw, H. C., 1976, Comparison of the predictive accuracy of models of urban flow and water-quality processes: National Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hysraulics, and Sediment Control, Lexington, Kentucky, July 26-29, 1976, 8 p.

Johnson, S. L., and Sayre, D. M., 1973, Effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations, 54 p.

Kirby, W., 1973, Flood estimation in the presence of outliers, in International Association for Statistics in the Physical Sciences: Symposium on Statistical Hydrology, Tucson, Arizona, Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1275, 33 p.

Mejia, J. M. Dawdy, D. R., and Nordin, C. F., 1974, Streamflow simulation, 3, the broken line process and operational hydrology: Water Resources Research, V. 10, no. 21, p. 242-245.

Riggs, H. C., 1972, Low-flow investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chap. Bl, 18 p.

___ 1973, Regional analysis of streamflow characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chap. B3, 15 P-Riggs, H. C., and Hardison, C. H., 1973, Storage analysis for water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chap. B2, 20 p.

Riggs, H. C., and Harenberg, W. A., 1976, Flood characteristics of streams in Owyhee County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-88, 14 p.

Sauer, V. B., 197 4, An approach to estimating flood frequency for urban areas in Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 23-74, 10 p.

Schroeder, E. E., 1974, Estimating the magnitude of peak discharges for selected flood frequencies on small streams in east Texas: U.S. Geological Survey, open-file report, 25 p.

Scott, A. G., and Kunkler, J. L., 1976, Flood discharges of streams in New Mexico as related to channel geometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-414, 29 p.

Steele, T. D., 1972, The SYSLAB System for data analysis of historical water-quality records (basic programs): U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 150 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 as report PB-222 777.

-~-1973, Simulation of major inorganic chemical concentrations and loads in streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Contribution, 150 p.; available only from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22151 as report PB-222 556.

Steele, T. D., Gilroy, E. J., and Hawkinson, R. 0., 1974, An assessment of areal and temporal variations in streamflow quality using selected data from the National Steam Quality Accounting Network: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-217, 89 p.

Steele, T. D., and Matalas, N. C., 1974, Principal-component analysis of streamflow chemical-quality data: International Association for Scientific Hydrology, Symposium on Mathematical Models in Hydrology, Warsaw, Poland, July 1971, Proceedings, publication no. 100, p. 355-363.

Thomas, D. M., and Benson, M. A., 1970, Generalization of streamflow from drainage-basin characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 197 5, 55 p.

Thomas, W. 0., Jr., and Corley, R. K., 1977, Techniques for estimating flood discharges for Oklahoma streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77-54. 170 p.

Todorovic, P., and Dawdy, D. R., 1971, Stochastic point rainfall simulation: Mathematical Models in Hydrology International Symposium, Warsaw, Poland, v. 1, p. · 359-373.

Attanasai, E. D., 1973, Systems analysis in water resource planning in the USA: Symposium on Computer Uses in Water Systems, Reading, England, September 1973, Proceedings, p. 105-127.

Attanasi, E. D., Close, E. R., and Lopez, M.A., 1975, Techniques for water demand analysis and forecasting: Puerto Rico, a case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-94, 95 p.

Bauer, D.P., Steele, T. D., and Anderson, R. D., 1978, Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77-119, 69 p.

Carrigan, P. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1975, Optimizing a gaging network: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 30-75, 25 p.

Hawkinson, R. 0., Ficke, J. F., and Saindon, L. G., 1977, Quality of rivers of the United States, 197 4 water year-based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-151, 158 p.

James, I. C., II, 1973, Data requirements for the optimization of reservoir design and operating rule determinations: Symposium on Design of Water Resources Projects with Inadequate Data, Madrid, Spain, 1973, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 211-224.

Moody, D. W., 1973, Application of multi-regional planning models to the scheduling of large-scale water resources systems development: International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Control of Water Resources Systems, Haifa, Israel.

Moss, M. E., 1976, Design of surface-water data networks for regional information: International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Bulletin, XXI, p. 113-127.

Moss, M. E., and Dawdy, D. R., 1973, The worth of data in hydrologic design: Journal of Highway Research, Record no. 479, p. 46-51.

Moss, M. E., and Karlinger, M. R., 1974, Surface-water network design by regression analysis simulation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 427-422.

Paulson, R. W., 1976, Use of earth satellites for automation of hydrologic data collection: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 756, p. 8-14.

Higer, A. L. Coker, A. E., and Cordes, E. H., 1976, Ecological model in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 929, p. 150-152.

Higer, A. L. Cordes, E. H., and Coker, A. E., 1976, Water management model of the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 929, p. 159-161.

Hodge, S. M., 1976, Direct measurement of basal water pressures: a pilot study: Journal of Glaciology, vol. 16, no. 74, p. 205-218.

Jennings, M. E., and O'Neil, C. P., 1976, Simulation of forest changes related to hydrologic variables in the Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-11, 26 p.

Krimmel, R. M., Tangborn, W. V., and Meier, M. F., 1972, Water flow through a temperate glacier: The Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology, Proceedings of the Banff Symposium, September 1972, p. 401-416.

Leaves ley, G. H., 1977, A hydrologic model for predicting the impact of energy resource development: International Conference on Applied Numerical Modeling, University of Southhampton, Southhampton, England, Proceedings, 10 p.

Lusby, G. C., and Toy, T. J., 1976, An evaluation of surfacemine spoils area restoration in Wyoming using rainfall simulation: Earth Surface Processes, v. 1, p. 375-386.

Meier, M. F., 1975, Application of remote-sensing techniques to the study of seasonal snow cover: Journal of Glaciology, vol. 15, no. 73, p. 251-265.

Meier, M. F., Tangborn, W. V., Mayo, L. R., and Post, Austin, 1971, Combined ice and water balances of Gulkana and Wolverine Glaciers, Alaska and South Cascade Glacier, Washngton, 1965 and 1966 hydrologic years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 715-A, 23 p.

Novitzki, R. P., 1976, Recycling ground water in Wankesher County, Wisconsin - resources management for coldwater fish hatcheries: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-20, 60 p.

Rasmussen, L.A., and Campbell, W. J., 1973, Comparison of three contemporary flow laws in a three-dimensional, time-dependent glacier model: Journal of Glaciology, v. 12, no. 66,p. 361-373.

Rasmussen, L.A., and Tangborn, W. V., 1976, Hydrology of North Cascades Region, Washington 1-runoff, precipitation, and storage characteristics: Water Resources Research, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 187-202.

Tangborn, W. V., and Rasmussen, L.A., 1976, Hydrology of the North Cascades region, Washington 2-a proposed hydrometeorological streamflow prediction method: Water Resources Research, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 203-216.

___ 1977, Application of a hydrometeorological model of the south-central Sierra Nevada of California: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 33-48.

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