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Lower income is not universally associated with childhood obesity. CDC's analysis of 2011–2014 national survey data found that the link between income and obesity in children aged 2–19 depends on sex, race and Hispanic origin. The education of the head of the household tells a far more consistent story: the more education, the less obesity, in every group examined.
The overall picture
During 2011–2014, 17.0 percent of U.S. youths aged 2–19 had obesity. The Healthy People 2020 target is below 14.5 percent.
| Household | Youths with obesity |
|---|---|
| Income ≤130% of the federal poverty level | 18.9% |
| Income >130% to ≤350% | 19.9% |
| Income >350% | 10.9% |
| Head of household: high school graduate or less | 21.6% |
| Some college | 18.3% |
| College graduate | 9.6% |
Education: one direction everywhere
Obesity fell with each step up in the household head's education — overall, and in girls and boys of every race and Hispanic origin group, although the differences were not statistically significant for non-Hispanic black youths or for non-Hispanic Asian girls or boys. Children in households headed by college graduates consistently had the lowest prevalence.
Income: it depends on the child
Overall, obesity was lower in the highest income group, but not in every subgroup:
| Youths with obesity | ≤130% FPL | >130–350% | >350% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic white girls | 17.8% | 21.2% | 7.2% |
| Non-Hispanic black girls | 19.9% | 21.6% | 21.1% |
| Hispanic youths | 22.8% | 23.7% | 11.8% |
The highest income was linked to lower obesity among non-Hispanic white girls, but not among non-Hispanic black girls, non-Hispanic white boys or non-Hispanic black boys. Patterns also shift over time: among non-Hispanic white boys there was a significant downward trend by income in 2005–2008, and no difference at all in 2011–2014.
Obesity among youths aged 2–19, by household income, 1999–2002 to 2011–2014. Credit: CDC.
Widening gaps for girls
Disparities by income and education go back at least to 1988–1994. Between 1999–2002 and 2011–2014:
- obesity rose among girls in the two lower income groups;
- it rose among girls and boys in households headed by someone with a high school education or less, and among girls in households headed by someone with some college; there were no other significant trends;
- the gap between the lowest and highest education groups grew for girls, but not for boys, whose gaps by income and education stayed relatively constant.
Obesity among youths aged 2–19, by education of the head of household, 1999–2002 to 2011–2014. Credit: CDC.
How it was measured
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) combines home interviews with standardized physical examinations in mobile examination centers. This analysis covered 6,878 youths, with response rates of 77.6 percent in 2011–2012 and 76.1 percent in 2013–2014. Obesity meant a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex on the 2000 CDC growth charts. The 130 percent income line is the cutoff for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; 350 percent gave groups of roughly equal size.
Some subgroups were small — non-Hispanic Asian girls in households above 350 percent of the poverty level had an obesity prevalence of just 1.3 percent, from a sample of 138. It has also been suggested that the usual obesity cutoff may underestimate health risks among Asian people.
Sources
Based on "Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household — United States 2011–2014," by Cynthia L. Ogden, Margaret D. Carroll, Tala H. Fakhouri, Craig M. Hales, Cheryl D. Fryar, Xianfen Li and David S. Freedman, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; a work of the United States government in the public domain.
Лицензия: CC0 1.0 (общественное достояние) · По материалам www.cdc.gov
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