International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report; manganese

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930-A

Million years Age before present

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CIRCULAR U. S. SURVEY

Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthand mineral-resource agencies of science Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America

Department of the Interior

FOREWORD

Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started the International Strategic Minerals Inventory in order to gather cooperatively information about major sources of strategic mineral raw materials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits of manganese, one of the mineral commodities selected for the prototype phase of the inventory. The report was prepared by John H. DeYoung, Jr., and David M. Sutphin of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Manganese inventory information was compiled by William F. Cannon (chief compiler), USGS; Ian Goldberg, South African Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs (MEA), Minerals Bureau; Erik C. I. Hammerbeck, MEA, Geological Survey; Silvia M. Heinrich, USGS; Ulrich Krauss, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of the Federal Republic of Germany; and C. Roger Pratt, Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. Additional contributions to the report were made by A. B. T. Werner and Jan Zwartendyk, Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR), Mineral Policy Sector; Ian Goldberg; G. A. Gross, EMR, Geological Survey of Canada; and Aldo F. Barsotti, Joseph S. Coffman, and Thomas S. Jones, U.S. Bureau of Mines.

Director

FIGURE 2-3. Maps showing:

4-6. Bar graphs showing:

3-4. Estimated cumulative and annual production of manganese contained in ore and concentrate:

Foreword ------------------------------------------------------------------- Abscract-------------------------------------------------------------------- Part I -Overview------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------- Uses and supply aspects---------------------------------------------------- Distribution of manganese deposits and districts --------------------------------- Manganese resources ------------------------------------------------------ Manganese production ----------------------------------------------------- Conclusions -------------------------------------------------------------- Part II-Selected inventory information for manganese deposits and districts------------- References cited -------------------------------------------------------------- Additional references on manganese resources --------------------------------------

2. Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of major manganese deposits and districts in the world----
3. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries where major manganese deposits and districts
4. Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts according to their date of discovery------
5. Proportions of total world production of manganese ore accounted for by countries with major deposits
6. Manganese production in countries with major deposits and districts in the ISMI manganese inventory;
7. Graphs showing concencration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral commodity production in 1913 and 1980 ----
8. Map showing major manganese deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020 -----------------------------------------------------------------
9. Manganese resources in and cumulative production from the world's major deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category --------------------------------------------------
10. Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource
11. For each country having a major manganese deposit or district------------------------------------
12. By economic class of country --------------------------------------------------------------
13. Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts, listed by mining method and economic class ofcountry----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
14. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for manganese deposits and districts ---------- 14
15. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for manganese deposits and districts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

and districts in the ISMI manganese inventory; selected years 1940-80 --------------------------

selected years 1940-80 ----------------------------------------------------------------

TABLES

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By John H. DeYoung, Jr., David M. Sutphin, and William F. Cannon

Major world resources of manganese, a strategic mineral commodity, are described in this summary report of information in .the International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISM I). ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States of America. This report, designed to be of benefit to policy analysts, contains two parts. Part I presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of manganese on the basis of inventory information. Part II contains tables of some of the geologic information and mineral-resource and production data that were collected by ISMI participants.

PART I-OVERVIEW

The reliability of future supplies of so-called strategic minerals is of concern to many nations. This widespread concern has led to duplication of effort in the gathering of information on the world's major sources of strategic mineral materials. With the aim of pooling such information, a cooperative program named International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by officials of the governments of the U.S.A., CanB.da, and the Federal Republic of Germany. It was subsequently joined by the Republic of South Africa and Australia. The United Kingdom will participate in future ISMI resource studies. The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and characteristics of major deposits of strategic mineral commodities for policy considerations in regard to short-term, medium-term, and long-term world supply. This report provides a summary statement of the data compiled and an overview of the supply aspects of manganese in a format designed to be of benefit to policy analysts. The term "strategic minerals" is imprecise. It generally refers to mineral ore and derivative products that come largely or entirely from foreign sources, that are difficult to replace, and that are important to a nation's economy, in particular to its defense industry. Usually, the term implies a nation's perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions, and of a need to safeguard its industries from the repercussions of a loss of supplies. Because a mineral that is strategic to one country may not be strategic to another, no one list of strategic minerals can be prepared. The ISMI Working Group decided to commence with chromium, manganese, nickel, and phosphate. The information used was the best at hand in various agencies of the participating countries that contributed to the preparation of this report. These agencies were the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior; the Geological Survey and the Mineral Policy Sector of the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources; the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of the Federal Republic of Germany; the Geological Survey and the Minerals Bureau of the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs of South Africa; and the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics of the Australian Department of Resources and Energy. Deposits (or districts) are selected for the inventory on the basis of their present or expected future contribution to world supply. Records for all deposits compiled by ISMI participants meet this general "major deposit" criterion and are included in the inventory . The ISMI record collection and this report on manganese have adopted the international classification system for mineral resources recommended by the United Nations Group of Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral Resources (Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource categories of this system were established in 1979 to facilitate international exchange of mineral-resource data; the Group of Experts sought a system that would be compatible with the several systems already in use in several countries. Figure 1 shows the U.N. resource classification used in this report. The term "reserves," which many would consider to be equivalent to rlE or RlE, has been interpreted inconsistently and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classification. Category R3, undiscovered deposits, is not dealt with in this report.

Manganese is essential for the manufacture of steel; about 95 percent of the 8.6 million metric tons of manganese (contained in 24 million metric tons of ore) produced in the world in 1981 was used in steelmaking. Manganese, mostly in the form of ferromanganese or silicomanganese, is used to "scavenge" the unwanted sulfur and oxygen from molten steel in order to reduce the brittleness of the product. Ferromanganese is also added to molten steel to produce manganese alloy steels that are stronger, harder, and more resistant to abrasion than other steels. There are no satisfactory substitutes for manganese in iron and steel production (Jones, 1983a, p. 549). Steel could be made with more expensive alternative materials, but this would increase the cost of steel, reduce the manufacture and use of steel, and would disrupt markets for the alternative materials (National Materials Advisory Board, 1981, p. 65). Other uses, which constitute about 5 percent of manganese consumption, are as an alloying element in several nonferrous metals, as an oxidizer or catalyst in a variety of industrial processes, and as an agent in dry-cell batteries ("battery-grade" ores). As shown in subsequent sections of this report, manganese resources and production are not uniformly distributed around the world. The geological factors that control the distribution of manganese deposits, coupled with the geographical history of economic development, have required that many industrialized nations import manganese from developing countries. Several aspects of manganese supply are especially noteworthy:

Direct foreign investment in overseas manganese ore production by several U.S. and western European s~l companies after the late 1940's has had a large influence on trade and on new development of manganese resources (Brooks, 1966, p. 24).

Programs for research, stockpiling, and production incentives have been established in several nations for strategic reasons.

Plants to convert manganese ore into ferromanganese, which is used in quantity in steelmaking, were initially sited, for technological and economic reasons, near steelmaking facilities in industrialized countries. According to United Nations statistics (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1981, p. 2 of annex), in 1960 the United States accounted for some 29 percent of world ferromanganese output, the United Kingdom plus West Germany for 16 percent, France for 10 percent, Japan for 5 percent, and South Africa for 4 percent. The 1970's saw a marked shift in the location of new ferromanganese plants toward countries endowed with both readily available · sources of manganese ore and cheap power supplies. For instance, by 1978, the contribution of the United States to world ferromanganese production had dropped to 6 percent and that of the United Kingdom plus West Germany to 7 percent; France had stayed about the same at 9 percent; Japan's contribution had risen to 11 percent and South Africa's to 12 percent; the output of a combination of previously insignificant producers, Australia, Brazil, and Mexico, had come to account for 8 percent of world output. The location of the new ferromanganese production centers near the sources of the ore caused world .exports of manganese ore to

R2E

FIGURE 1.-United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Shanz, 1980, p. 313).

decline after the mid-1970's, and those of ferromanganese to rise. The effect of this shift was particularly pronounced in the United States, where, from 1960 to 1980, imports of manganese ore fell from 1,100,000 to 300,000 metric tons of contained manganese, and imports of ferromanganese rose from 84,000 to 430,000 metric tons of contained manganese at the expense of domestic ferromanganese producers (DeHuff and Fratta, 1962, p. 870, 872; DeHuff and Jones, 1981, p. 549, 550). The trend toward ferromanganese production in ore-producing countries may well continue. Additional ferromanganese production capacity has recently been installed in Mexico. Consideration is being given to a plant that would use ore from a future mine in the Carajas regon in Brazil. Gabon is also considering the production of ferromanganese, possibly in the 1990's.

The depressed state of metal markets in the early 1980's has discouraged development of new manganese deposits and has caused deferment of expansion of some mining operations.

Transportation systems must be developed or improved before some identified manganese resources can be produced and marketed. For instance, development of the Azul deposits in Brazil and the Tambao deposit in Upper Volta depends upon the construction of railways. Improved rail and water transportation systems in some areas may also stimulate more thorough exploration, which may lead to the discovery of new resources. R*

So-called manganese nodules and crusts on

The world map in figure 2 shows the locations of major manganese deposits and districts. Of the four leading steel producers (Soviet Union, U.S.A., Japan, and western Europe), only the Soviet Union has major manganese deposits. Major manganese deposits in this report are of two general types: marine chemical sediment deposits and secondary enrichment deposits (fig. 2). Deposits of the marine chemical sediment type commonly contain two kinds of extensive layers.

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some nations having economic philosophies that place greater emphasis on self-sufficiency and maintenance of a domestic industry than on market forces. For example, some deposits being mined in the Soviet Union have manga~ nese grades as low as 18 to 20 percent, compared to ore of 40 to 50 percent manganese produced in most other countries.

the ocean floor have been proposed as a source of manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Recent reports, such as Antrim and Sebenius (1983), are pessimistic about the possibility that these resources will be developed within the next 20 or 30 years. Nevertheless, if the technological and legal problems of ocean mining can be solved, these resources may provide an economic alternative to manganese resources on land. One consists of manganese oxide and the other of manganese carbonate minerals. Both kinds of layers are commonly interbedded with limestone and(or) shale typical of shallow-water depositional environments. Deposits of the secondary enrichment type are composed of manganese oxide and hydroxide minerals. They typically occur in tropical regions where intense weathering has formed manganese-rich surficial accumulations by dissolving other elements from manganiferous protores. For instance, seven of the nine secondary enrichment deposits shown in figure 2 lie between the tropics. Less commonly, the secondary enrichment type of deposit has resulted from the action of hot surface waters; the deposits of !mini, Morocco, and the Postmasburg district of South Africa are examples of this type. There are other manganese deposit types, such as hydrothermal and volcanogenic types on land and deep-sea nodules in the oceans. Deposits of these other types, however, either are not large enough or do not have enough immediate production potential to be included in this inventory. Figure 3 shows the global distribution of major manganese deposits and indicates the economic class (GNP per capita) of countries where deposits are located.

Marine chemical sediment type deposits account for about 70 percent of the number of deposits and districts shown in figure 2. These deposits account for over 97 percent of the identified, economic resources, R1E, (in terms of contained manganese) and for over 95 percent of resources in other categories for major manganese deposits (table 1); Table 1 also shows cumulative production from these deposits; cumulative production has been small compared to resources. Table 2 shows the distribution of resources (tons of contained manganese) of major manganese deposits among the World Bank country economic classes from figure 3. Low-income and lower middle-income countries have only a small proportion of the total manganese resources of these deposits in spite of having 13 of the 29 deposits and districts. Upper middle-income countries have nine deposits with about 89 percent of R1E resources and 84 percent of resources in other categories; most of these resources are in the Republic of South Africa, Mexico, and Brazil. Deposits in eastern European nonmarket-economy countries (the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Bulgaria) account for most of the other resources from major deposits (6.5 percent of RlE resources and 11 percent of other resource categories). Only one major manganese deposit (Groote Eylandt, Australia) is in an industrial-market-economy country. Table 2 indicates, as discussed earlier, that the location of manganese resources is not coincident with the regions of consumption (steelmaking centers). It is estimated on the basis of data from Roskill Information Services (1981) and Jones (1983b) that about 30 percent of manganese content of ores produced in 1979 was involved in that year's international trade as ore and ferroalloys; the number rises to over 45 percent when only non-Communist nations are considered. The addition to world manganese resources in major deposits by discovery of new deposits is shown in figure 4. The discovery of manganese ore in the Kalahari, Republic of South Africa, in 1940 resulted in a large increase of resources. The figure shows that the Kalahari discovery and smaller discoveries since the 1940's have resulted in an impressive quantity of manganese resources compared to pre-1940 amounts. Conclusions drawn from this figure should take account (1) of the uncertainty of discovery date . due to difficulties in defining "discovery"; (2) of the limited validity of assigning all of a deposit's (or district's) resources to the initial discovery date, as done in figure 4; and (3) of the different standards used to report resource data from different deposits. The latest discovery date shown in table 7 of Part II is 1971 (Azul (Caraj as) deposits, Brazil). The absence of subsequent discoveries may reflect reduced exploration rather than a dearth of undiscovered resources. This pattern of discoveries is typical of many mineral commodities. After the time when a deposit or district is discovered, development and production activities increase the amount of information about the mineral deposit(s), resulting in changes in resource estimates. The Kalahari field provides a good example of the problem of assigning present-day resource estimates for a deposit to the date of its discovery. As noted above, most of the large amount of manganese resources shown in figure 4 as having been "discovered" during the 1940-59 period is accounted for by about 13 billion metric tons of resources (containing about 5 billion metric

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FIGURE 2.-Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of major manganese deposits and districts in the world.

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TABLE I.-Manganese resources in and cumulative production from the world's major deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category

Geologic No. of deposit type records R1E R1 and R2 production Marine chemical sediment ----- 20 Secondary enrichment ---- Total----- 29

tons of manganese) in the Kalahari field. The size of the Kalahari resources was not understood when serious geological investigations were started about 1940. (The manganese occurrence at Black Rock at the northern edge of the field had been recorded in 1908.) When early prospecting was done near Black Rock in 1950, the estimates of resources (hundreds of millions of tons) were still very small compared to the estimates given in table 7 of Part II. As development and mining operations progressed at the Black Rock mine, the Smartt mine (which opened in 1954), the Hotazel

TABLE 2.-Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource

Low-income -------------------- Lower middle-income ------------- Upper middle-income ------------- Industrial market --------------- Eastern European nonmarket ------

Total--------------------

mine (1959), the Mamatwan mine (1964), the Wessels mine (1973), the Middelplaats mine (1979), and others, estimates of the Kalahari field's resources became larger. Over 1 billion metric tons of resources of all classifications were estimated by 1964; that figure increased to over 7 billion metric tons by 197 5 and over 13 billion metric tons by 1982. All of these resources have been assigned to the 1940 discovery date in table 7 of Part II and are shown in the 1940-59 period on figure 4 because year-by-year resource estimates for deposits and districts are not consistently available and are not included in ISMI records.

The 29 manganese deposits and districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory occur in 13 countries; these countries, except Upper Volta, collectively have accounted for most of the world's manganese ore production since 1940 (fig. 5). The data plotted in figure 5 include a small, indeterminable amount of ore from mines that are not in the inventory. Figure 6 shows the production (in terms of contained manganese) from each of the countries included in the figure 5 totals. Because of increases in production in South Africa, Australia, Brazil, and Gabon for the years shown, the proportion of world manganese production accounted for by the Soviet Union has fallen.

Percent R1E 20.0 .46 2,790

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FIGURE 4.-Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts according to their date of discovery. If the year of discovery was not reported, the year of first production was used instead; if neither the year of discovery nor the year of first production was reported, the deposit's resources were considered "unclassifiable." Years of discovery are listed in table 7 of Part II.

Information on 1982 production and on cumulative production from 1940 through 1982 for countries with deposits in the inventory is shown in table 3. These production data have been grouped according to World Bank country economic class in table 4. About 35 percent of 1982 production and 42 percent of cumulative production since 1940 has been from eastern European nonmarket-economy countries (largely the Soviet Union). The second-ranking group of countries in cumulative production, the upper middle-income class (South Africa, Gabon, Brazil, and Mexico), accounts for about 45 percent of 1982 production and 34 percent of production since 1940.

Manganese is produced from surface and underground mining operations. Table 5 shows the distribution of resources by mining method. The Kalahari field contains both surface and underground mines. It constitutes the major part of resources reported for the largest resource entry in this table, the upper middle-income countries. In studies of industrial market structure, some approaches used to measure market concentration focus directly on observable dimensions, such as number of suppliers. The market concentration ratio, defined as the percentage of total industry sales or output contributed by the largest few firms (Scherer, 1970, p. 50-51), can be adapted as z

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FIGURE 5.-Proportions of total world production of manganese ore accounted for by countries with major

a measure of a country's control of mineral production. Figure 7 shows the four-country and eight-country concentration ratios for 1913 and 1980 production of several nonfuel mineral commodities. By these measures, manganese ranks high among those mineral commodities controlled by a few producing countries, although this concentration has decreased from 1913 to 1980.

deposits and districts in the ISM! manganese inventory; selected years 1940-80. Reported production (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1943-83) is for those countries listed in table 3.

Present and probable future production of manganese from the deposits included in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory is shown on the map in figure 8. Some present major producers (Kalahari, Nikopol, Bolshe Tokmak, Groote Eylandt, Moanda, Molango, and others) will probably continue to be large suppliers through 2020. Decreases in output from certain deposits may be compensated for by production from other major deposits such as those in Tambao, Upper Volta, which require development of transportation facilities. The world distribution of manganese production among country economic classes and by country concentration will probably not change much from that of the early 1980's.

There are no satisfactory economic substitutes for manganese in steel manufacture. As such, industrialized countries not possessing manganese deposits consider the commodity highly strategic to their economic well being and essential to their industrial progress. Most manganese production and resources are confined to only 29 deposits or districts-a relatively small number for a major commodity. Most industrialized nations have to rely on imports to keep their steel mills operative. In efforts to decrease dependency on imports in the long term, some such countries have resorted to direct investment in overseas production; others have begun investigating recovery from lower grade deposits as well as from manganese nodules on the ocean floor.

TABLE 3.-Estimated cumulative and annual production of manganese contained in ore and concentrate for each country having a major manganese deposit or district

TABLE 4.-Estimated cumulative and annual production of manganese contained in ore and concentrate by economic class of country' TABLE 5.-Manganese resources in the world's major deposits and districts, listed by mining method and economic class of

Low-income ---------------------------- Lower middle-income -------------------- Upper middle-income -------------------- Industrial market ----------------------- Eastern European nonmarket ------------- Total3 ----------------------------

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commodity production in 1913 and 1980. The ratios are percent of total world production for the indicated commodities, designated by chemical-element symbols (PGE for platinum-group elements), for the four or eight countries with the largest reported production of that commodity in 1913 and 1980. (Sources of data: U.S. Geological Survey, 1921; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1982.)

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The Republic of South Africa holds the world's largest resources of manganese on land. Others of significance are in the Soviet Union, India, Brazil, Gabon, Australia, and China Current demand for manganese is low because of the weak state of the world's steel industry. In the long term, that is, for at least four decades from now, the supply situation is unlikely to change, with South Africa and the Soviet Union providing the bulk of traded manganese and with lesser amounts available from Brazil, India, Gabon, and Australia

PART II-SELECTED INVENTORY INFORMATION FOR MANGANESE DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS

Tables 6 and 7 contain information from the International Strategic Minerals Inventory record forms for manganese deposits and districts. Only selected items of information about the location and geology (table 6) and mineral production and resources (table 7) of the deposits are listed here; some of this information has been abbreviated because of space limitations. Summary descriptions and data are presented in the tables as closely as possible to the way that they were reported in the inventory records. For instance, significant digits for amounts of production or resources have been maintained as reported. Data that were reported in units other than metric tons have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Some of the data in the tables are more aggregated than in the inventory records, such as cumulative production totals that for some mines have been reported by year or by groups of years. Some of the abbreviations used in the inventory records forms have been used in these tables; they are explained in the footnotes.

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TABLE 6.-Selected geologic and location information from ISM! records for manganese deposits and districts TABLE 6.-Selected geologic and location information from ISM!

records for manganese deposits and districts-Continued TABLE 1.-Selected production and mineral-resource infonnation from ISM! records for mcmganese deposits and districts TABLE 7.-Selected production and mineral-resource information from

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ISM! records for manganese deposits and districts-Continued

REFERENCES CITED

Antrim, L. N., and Sebenius, J. K., 1983, Incentives for ocean mining under the Convention, in Oxman, B. H., Caron, D. D., and Buderi, C. L. 0., eds., Law of the Sea-U.S. policy dilemma: San Francisco, Institute for Contemporary Studies (ICS) Press, p. 79-99.

Australia Bureau of Statistics, 1984, Part 2-Quarterly statistics: Australia Mineral Industry Quarterly, v. 36 (1983), no. 3 (in press).

Avaliani, G. A., Gabashvili, N. V., and Abakelia, N. M., 1980, The facies and genesis of sedimentary manganese ores in Georgia, USSR, in Varentsov, I. M., and Grasselly, Gy., eds., Geology and geochemistry of manganese, Volume II, Manganese deposits on continents: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), p. 417-431.

Brooks, D. B., 1966, Low-grade and nonconventional sources of manganese: Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 123 p.

DeHuff, G. L., and Fratta, Teresa, 1962, Manganese, in U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals yearbook 1961, v. I, Metals and minerals (except fuels): Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 861-886.

DeHuff, G. L., and Jones, T. S., 1981, Manganese, in U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals yearbook 1980, v. I, Metals and minerals: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 543-553.

Dorr, J. V. N., II, 1970, Iron formation and associated manganese in Brazil, in Genesis of Precambrian iron and manganese deposits: Proceedings of the Kiev Symposium, August 1970, Paris, UNESCO, p.105-113.

Gryaznov, V. I., and Danilov, I. S., 1980, Oxidized manganese ores of the Nikopol manganese deposit, Ukrainian SSR, in V arentsov, I. M., and Grasselly, Gy., eds., Geology and geochemistry of manganese, Volume II, Manganese deposits on continents: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), p. 403-416.

Society of America Microfilm publication no. 2.

Jones, T. S., 1983a, Manganese: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Commodity Profile, 20 p.

Jones, T. S., 1983b, Manganese, in U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals yearbook 1982, v. I, Metals and minerals: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 577-589.

Longe, R. V., and others, 1978, Computer-based files on mineral deposits-Guidelines and recommended standards for data content [prepared by Mineral Deposits Working Committee, National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological Sciences]: Canada Geological Survey Paper 78-26,72 p.

Mcintosh, J. L., Farag, J. S., and Slee, K. J., 1975, Groote Eylandt manganese deposits, in Knight, C. L., ed., Economic geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea, v. 1, Metals: Australasian Institute oi Mining and Metallurgy, Monograph 5, p. 815-821.

National Materials Advisory Board Panel on Manganese Supply and Its Industrial Implications, 1981, Manganese reserves and resources of the world and their industrial implications: National Materials Advisory Board Publication NMAB-37 4, 334 p.

Roskill Information Services [1981], Statistical supplement 1981 to the economics of manganese (second edition 1978): London, Roskill Information Services [205 p.].

Roy, S., 1980, Manganese ore deposits of India, in Varentsov, I. M., and Grasselly, Gy., eds., Geology and geochemistry of manganese, Volume II, Manganese deposits on continents: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), p. 237-263.

Sawyer, R., 1980, Geology of manganese ore deposits of Kamataka State, in V arentsov, I. M., and Grasselly, Gy., eds., Geology and geochemistry of manganese, Volume II, Manganese deposits on continents: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller). p. 279-295.

Schanz, J. J., Jr., 1980, The United Nations' endeavor to standardize mineral resource classification: Natural Resources Forum, v. 4, no. 3, p. 307-313.

Scherer, F. M., 1970, Industrial market structure and economic performance: Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Co., 576 p.

Shnyukov, E. F., and Orlovsky, G. N., 1980, Manganese ores of the Ukrainian SSR, in Varentsov, I. M., and Grasselly, Gy., eds., Geology and geochemistry of manganese, Volume II, Manganese deposits on continents: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), p. 393-402.

Taljaardt, J. J., 1979 (updated 1982), Major manganese ore fields, Republic of South Africa: Johannesburg, SAMAN-CO R administrative report, 11 p.

Tavera, I., and Alexandri, R., 1972, Molango manganese deposits, Hidalgo, Mexico [abs.]: Acta Mineralogica Petrographica, v. 20, p. 387-388.

World Bank, 1983, World development report 1983: New York, Oxford University Press, 214 p.

Uni~d Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1981, 'the processing and marketing of manganese; areas for international co-operation: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report TD/B/C.1/PSC/20, 33 p. plus annex.

U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1943-83, Minerals yearbook [1941-81]: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 102v.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1921, World atlas of commercial geology-Part I, Distribution of mineral production: Washington, D.C. [144 p.]

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON MANGANESE RESOURCES

Dorr, J. V. N., II, Crittenden, M. D., and Worl, R. G., 1973, Manganese, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, W. P., eds., United States mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 385-399. Duke, V. W. A., 1979, Manganese, a mineral commodity review: South Africa Minerals Bureau Internal Report 53, 246p. Gross, G. A., 1983, Low grade manganese deposits-A facies approach, in Shanks, W. C., III, ed., Unconventional mineral deposits (Cameron volume): New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 35-46. Hildebrand, Hans-J\irgen, and others, 1977, Untersuchungen uber Angebot und Nachfrage mineralischer Rohstoffe, VIII. Mangan: Hannover, (Germany, Federal Republic) Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 156p. Kilgore, C. C., and Thomas, P. R., 1982, Manganese availability-Domestic, a Minerals Availability System appraisal: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8889, 14p. Roy, Supriya, 1981, Manganese deposits: London, Academic Press, 457 p. Wissink, Arie, 1972, Les gisements de manganese du monde-Conditions de depot, typologie et metal contenu: [France] Bureau de Recherches Goologiques et Minieres Bulletin (2d series), section II, no. 1, p. 33-48.

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORTS

This circular is one of several reports on selected mineral commodities to be published in the U.S. Geological Survey 930 series. The circulars published to date are listed below; year of publication is shown in parentheses. Copies are available free on application to Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexan- . dria, VA 22304 U.S.A.

930-8. Chr:omium (1984)

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