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Staphylococcus — staph — is a group of more than 30 kinds of bacteria. One, Staphylococcus aureus, causes most infections.
What staph can cause
| Infection | Notes |
|---|---|
| Skin infections | the most common; pimples or boils that are red, swollen and painful, sometimes with pus; can become impetigo (a crust on the skin) or cellulitis (a hot, swollen, red area) |
| Bacteremia | infection of the bloodstream, which can lead to sepsis, a very serious immune response |
| Bone infections | pain, swelling, warmth and redness, sometimes with chills and fever |
| Endocarditis | infection of the heart's inner lining and valves; flu-like fever, chills and fatigue, plus a fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and swelling in the arms or legs |
| Food poisoning | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever — watch for dehydration |
| Pneumonia | high fever, chills, a cough that won't go away, chest pain, shortness of breath |
| Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | life-threatening: high fever, sudden low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, sometimes a sunburn-like rash; can cause organ failure |
How it spreads
Many people carry staph on their skin or in their nose without getting sick — until a cut or wound lets it in. Staph spreads person to person and on objects such as towels, clothing, door handles, sports equipment and remotes, and through food handled by someone who has it.
Who is at higher risk
Anyone can get staph, but risk is higher for people who:
- have a chronic condition — diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, eczema or lung disease;
- have a weakened immune system — from HIV, anti-rejection medicines or chemotherapy;
- have had surgery, or are in the hospital;
- use a catheter, breathing tube or feeding tube, or have an implanted device such as a pacemaker, artificial joint or heart valve;
- have burns, especially deep or large ones;
- are on dialysis;
- inject illegal drugs;
- play contact sports, with skin contact or shared equipment.
Diagnosis
Providers can often recognize a staph skin infection by looking at it. For other types they may take a culture — a skin scraping, tissue, stool, or throat or nose swab — and sometimes imaging.
Treatment
Antibiotics — as a cream or ointment, pills, or IV medicine, depending on the infection. An infected wound may be drained, and bone infections sometimes need surgery. Some staph, such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), resists many antibiotics, but certain antibiotics still work.
Prevention
- Practice good hygiene and wash your hands often.
- Don't share towels, sheets or clothing with someone who has staph.
- Avoid sharing sports equipment; if you must, make sure it's cleaned and dried first.
- Practice food safety — don't prepare food for others while you have a staph infection.
- Keep cuts and wounds covered.
Sources
Based on "Staphylococcal Infections," MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine; a work of the United States government in the public domain.
Лицензия: CC0 1.0 (общественное достояние) · По материалам medlineplus.gov
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