Sustainable growth in America's heartland: 3-D geologic maps as the foundation

Indiana Geological Survey Michigan Geological Survey Division Ohio Division of Geological Survey BY THE CENTRAL GREAT LAKES GEOLOGIC MAPPING COALITION

Illinois State Geological Survey The geologic materials at the Earth’s surface in the Central Great Lakes region are the legacy of the ice age. Throughout the region, these materials (gravel, sand, silt, clay, and mud)—

Support the environment that we use for recreation

Cover. This block diagram is a generalized representation of surface land uses and underlying deposits in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. The relatively flat farmland plains and rolling hills conceal a complex mix of glacial deposits stacked above ancient rocky hills and valleys like a pile of rumpled patchwork quilts. During the last 1.8 million years, each glacial advance and retreat modified the previous landscape and deposited new layers of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and till, capped by soil. The thickness of the glacial deposits ranges from a few inches to more than 1,300 feet. Diagram by J.M. Evans.

By the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1190

Illinois State Geological Survey Indiana Geological Survey Michigan Geological Survey Division Ohio Division of Geological Survey BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary CHARLES G. GROAT, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1999

Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va. Manuscript approved for publication June 11, 1999. First printing October 1999; second printing February 2000; third printing September 2003 with a revised map on p. 11. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Free on application to Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 or call the toll-free telephone number 1–888–ASK–USGS

new integrated science effort that will focus all of the capabilities of the USGS (biology, geography, geology, and hydrology) to address societal needs in the Central Great Lakes region.

Charles G. Groat, Director

hope to achieve the worthy goals set forth by the Coalition. Although this Circular deals primarily with the geologic foundation for sustainable growth, the program it describes will also serve as the cornerstone in a the State Geological Surveys, who will be our principal partners in this enterprise. The scope of this activity is such that no single agency can go it alone. Only by actively sharing and combining our resources can we tion-user communities. These are activities that I will foster within the U.S. Geological Survey during my tenure as Director, acknowledging the many benefits that come from interacting closely with our customers and plans developed by the Coalition provide a new model for State-Federal collaboration in research, information delivery, and outreach, as well as a most welcome opportunity to work more closely with the various informa-Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition, because the Coalition represents several important new directions for the U.S. Geological Survey. The I am especially pleased to present this Circular describing the Central

IV necessary information is obtained, geologists now have the ability to characterize and geometrically depict the 3-D extent of different types of surficial materials at great depths below the surface. surficial materials from the Earth’s surface down to and including the top of bedrock, which may be hundreds of feet below. Improved drilling and geophysical methods, together with recent advances in computer technology, make it practical to gather, display, and analyze earth science information in ways never before possible. When the distribution of surficial materials and not the distribution of surficial materials at depth. Three-dimensional surficial geologic maps

depict the distribution and thickness of materials in the uppermost few feet of the land. Such maps are based primarily on interpretations of landforms and field examination of materials exposed in shallow excavations, streambanks, or drill holes. Traditional surficial geologic and soils maps are considered to be two-dimensional because they provide information on the areal exactly when or why. Traditional surficial geologic and soils maps

depict the distribution of surficial several times in the last 1.8 million years. The current ice retreat began over 18,000 years ago. We are probably still in the ice age but are experiencing a warm period when the glaciers have retreated. They will probably advance again. Scientists cannot predict behind deposits of mixed gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Continental glaciers now are present only in Greenland and Antarctica. During the ice age, glaciers covered vast regions of the Northern Hemisphere; they advanced and retreated over portions of the Midwest ranges and flow downward, carving out distinctive glacial U-shaped valleys. They occur in many of the high mountainous regions of the world today. Continental glaciers are ice sheets that cover large areas and can be over 1 mile thick. Both types leave without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p. 43). Glaciers

are sheets of ice of two kinds. Valley glaciers form in high mountain particles of dead plant debris. Glacial till, a compressed mixture of clay, silt, and sand, with scattered gravel, is very compact and is usually impermeable to water. “Sustainable development

is development that meets the needs of the present the region range in thickness from a few inches to more than 1,300 feet. Ranging from largest to smallest, surficial materials include gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Mud is a mixture of clay, silt, and sand; some mud deposits contain organic matter, which is very fine overlying hard bedrock. In the Great Lakes region, most surficial materials were deposited by glaciers or by meltwater in glacial streams or lakes. Windblown deposits (loess) were derived from these glacial materials. Nonglacial materials include stream and lake deposits and materials weathered directly from bedrock. Surficial deposits in Some explanations and definitions . . . Surficial materials

include all unconsolidated (loose, not solid) geologic materials

Surficial Geology in the Glaciated Heartland. . . . . . 4 Introduction. . . . . . 1 What Can Be Done?— A Coalition to Address the Issues. . . . . . 10

Regional Societal Issues Requiring Earth Science Information. . . . . . 2 New Tools to Collect and Analyze Earth Science Information. . . . . . 8

Coalition Products and Their Use in Society. . . . . . 12

Twenty percent of the Nation’s total employment

One-third of the Nation’s corn and soybean production Nation’s land and 15 percent of the Nation’s population. These States contribute— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio have 18 percent of the

Illinois State Geological Survey

has formed to conduct the necessary studies in these four States to depict the 3-D nature of these glacial and related deposits and to interpret these data in cooperation with the user community for specific societal needs. vide this knowledge, a coalition of State and Federal Geological Surveys (Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Michigan Geological Survey Division, Ohio Division of Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey) not compatible with sustainable development and a continued high quality of life for future generations. Decisionmakers need knowledge of the glacial deposits— their characteristics, three-dimensional (3-D) distribution, and thickness. To protion and environment are related to fundamental issues involving land, water, mineral, and biological resources. Addressing the conflicting demands on these resources without adequate information can result in land-use decisions that are sources. Resulting land degradation has impaired and restricted human use and enjoyment of the land and caused degradation and loss of wildlife habitat. The continued economic growth of the region and the security of its popularecreation and wildlife habitat. These materials are also subject to natural hazards—floods, erosion, landslides, radon, and earthquakes—and manmade problems such as soil, sediment, and water contamination from point and nonpoint of mud, clay, silt, sand, and gravel. These glacial deposits contain bountiful resources—rich soils; plentiful ground water; minerals for construction; land for agriculture, development, recreation, and wildlife habitat; and lakes and rivers for ation, and ecology of these States are based on a common geologic heritage. across the region, leaving behind a thick, complex blanket of intermixed layers During the last 1.8 million years, glaciers repeatedly advanced and retreated By the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition

constitute one of the most productive and economically important regions in the country—America’s heartland. The agriculture, industry, business, recre-The Central Great Lakes States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio

INTRODUCTION Lakes region has been studied and mapped at the level of detail needed to help resolve these issues.

beaches loss of wetlands and other habitat loss of property

eight societal issues. Less than 2 percent of the Central Great Questions such as these can be grouped under the following

protection structures bluff recession and loss of

to humans or to existing or new development? How can critical wetlands and habitat be maintained or restored?

Coastal erosion . . .

inappropriate development harmful side effects of coastal

coastal erosion, flooding, land subsidence, and earthquakes? Do the natural compositions of the land and water pose hazards

quarries? What are the potential short- and long-term risks from land and

cial land uses land-use compatibility

Are there sources of construction aggregate near proposed developments, and what are the benefits and costs of open-pit

location of aggregate deposits aggregate quality and quantity competition with other benefi-

will public utilities be necessary? Will rural wells become contaminated?

Construction materials . . .

dewatering adversely affect ground-water resources? Can subdivisions rely on private wells and septic systems, or

population and industry? Will heavy pumping of industrial or agricultural wells or mine

water quality and availability vulnerability to contamination drought management

are typical of the issues facing decisionmakers.

Water resources . . .

aquifer location and extent

preservation are in balance with the resources of the region. Both public- and private-sector managers face increasingly difficult land-use decisions, yet too often they have insufficient information about the sustaining capabilities of the land, water, and biology to guide these decisions. The following questions

contaminated industrial lands (brownfields) suburban sprawl habitat restoration and maintenance

Sustainable development can occur only when the needs of industry, agriculture, transportation, housing, and environmental

and gravel sources redevelopment of abandoned

REGIONAL SOCIETAL ISSUES REQUIRING EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION

Competition for the land . . .

loss of prime farmland building over potential sand

understanding the role of fisheries and timber resources geology in the location and character of ecosystems

habitat needs should be considered in future land-use planning.

of wetland habitat and prime recreational areas preservation of commercial

In addition, habitat necessary for maintaining recreation and sport hunting and fishing is lost or damaged by inappropriate shoreline development. A better understanding of erosion processes and

preservation and restoration

properties are damaged or lost to erosion along these shorelines.

Ecosystem change . . . water to contamination

The Central Great Lakes States have over 3,600 miles of shoreline along the Great Lakes. Each year residential and commercial

diation of contaminated sites, including 180 Superfund sites vulnerability of land and

converted to urban and suburban land use in the decade from 1982 to 1992, resulting in the loss of prime agricultural land and many sources of sand and gravel for construction.

safely siting new waste repositories cost-effective and safe reme-

Contamination of land and water . . .

acterize a site to accept low-level radioactive waste. Geologic mapping would have revealed the presence of aquifers in the area, eliminating it from consideration as a disposal site.

$85 million were spent near Martinsville, Illinois, to find and charincreased costs.

very large earthquakes in the Midwest risk factors affecting building design liquefaction of soils

unconsolidated cave-fill materials and buried-valley glacial deposits. Prior geologic mapping, geophysical investigations, and proper understanding of the glacial and preglacial history of the region could have revealed this subsurface condition, allowing engineers to anticipate the problem and avoid delays and

potential for infrequent, but

when a tunnel-boring machine was stopped and delayed by

Earthquakes . . .

expenditures.

A cost overrun of $14 million during construction of the Upper Scioto West Interceptor Sewer Project, central Ohio, resulted

attempted flood control erosion of prime farmland sedimentation

few instances of where better earth science information in the Central Great Lakes region would have eliminated unnecessary

Floods . . .

property loss harmful side effects of

affects economic growth and quality of life. The following are a Insufficient information about earth resources adversely bricks and tiles. Much of the region’s flat land appears just as the glaciers and old lake shorelines left it—a tabletop made of compact till, smoothed in many areas by wave erosion at the edges of ancient glacial lakes.

Coalition. deposits of mud. Beneath the warm afternoon sun, floods of muddy water poured into the lakes, depositing layers of clay that are the sources for our

perity and sustainable quality of life of the region. But the appropriate information is scarce and takes time to produce. This is why the five Geological Surveys formed the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping cut new valleys and deposited sand and gravel that make up today’s major aquifers and primary supplies of sand and gravel for concrete. Cold, dark lakes formed where ice sheets blocked river valleys, leaving behind

3-D puzzle, through geologic mapping, is the key to the continued pros-Understanding the distribution and characteristics of materials in this clay, silt, sand, and scattered gravel. When compressed by the great weight of the overlying ice, the mixture became a dense, impermeable material called

glacial till

. Rivers roaring from the fronts of the ice sheets

loess, and lake-bottom sediments are the sources of the fertile soils of the Nation’s Corn Belt. its mark. Boulders dragged beneath tons of glacial ice pulverized, gouged, and grooved the underlying landscape. Glaciers left behind a mixture of

from the rivers and drying lake plains. Large sand dunes formed nearby. Dust clouds boiled eastward across the land like the great storms of the Dust Bowl days, depositing layers of silt known as

loess

. Glacial till, and temperate conditions, giant ice sheets as much as a mile thick advanced and retreated across the Great Lakes region. Each advance left During the last 1.8 million years, as the climate swung between arctic

Harsh winds blowing off the ice sheet raised clouds of sand and silt land-use problems of this region depend on our understanding of the 3-D distribution and characteristics of these earth materials.

and deposited new layers of sediment. The result is a complex mix of glacial deposits stacked like a pile of rumpled patchwork quilts ranging from a few inches to more than 1,300 feet in thickness. below farmland plains and rolling hills are layers of sediments that blanket ancient rocky hills and valleys. Both the prosperity and resolution of The flat landscape of the Nation’s heartland is deceiving. Hidden

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY IN THE GLACIATED HEARTLAND

of patches of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and till, commonly capped by soil. Each new advance and retreat of the ice modified the previous landscape Each advance and retreat of the ice left behind a landscape composed use planning options for sustainable and environmentally friendly development. The resulting models are easily managed and updated as new data become available or as new scientific insights require reinterpretation. can be used by managers working with geologists to evaluate many scenarios and make the most reasonable decisions for land and resource use. These science-based systems are the ideal foundation for evaluating landarea and to model and show the potential societal effects of proposed land-use management options. Decision-support systems

integrate all of this new information. They tionizing the way earth science information is gathered and used. For the first time, geology, hydrology, biology, and social science information can be integrated to show the human, ecosystem, and geologic histories of an today’s geologist can move beyond the two-dimensional paper map of materials at the Earth’s surface to produce elegant, three-dimensional pictures to portray precise physical and chemical analyses of surficial materials from the surface down to bedrock. These new capabilities are revolusible areas, vehicles such as Hovercraft are being utilized. With

advanced computers

and geographic information systems (GIS), geologic, geophysical, and geochemical studies. Techniques for obtaining undisturbed core samples of loose surficial materials have improved in the last decade. To deploy new types of coring devices in previously inaccesthe petroleum and mineral exploration industries, increasingly are being modified for use in surficial geology, ground-water, and environmental studies. These technologies are being adapted to investigate the 3-D distributions of materials in glacial deposits. Core samples

of subsurface deposits provide material for detailed Geophysical tools

to see layers beneath the land surface, developed in expanding our ability to see what lies beneath the surface of the land. These new tools provide geologists with new ways to characterize, organize, analyze, and display in three dimensions the complicated pattern of sediment layers that the glaciers left behind. Advanced computer technology and new scientific capabilities are

NEW TOOLS TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION Some new geophysical and sampling tools:

• Advanced computers and GIS technology allow the geologist to see and model surface and buried
• High-resolution sensors measure properties of surficial materials in wells.
• Cameras and sensors make images of drill-hole walls.
• Airborne surveys can map electromagnetic and magnetic properties and natural radiation of surficial
• Ground-penetrating radar and seismic methods show reflections of buried layers.
• Waterborne surveys can map sediment characteristics on the bottoms of lakes and streams.
• Drilling tools collect undisturbed core samples.
• Barges and Hovercraft support drilling in shallow water and sensitive environments. surficial materials. materials in two dimensions and sometimes in three.

both scales provides a geologic context for resolving or evaluating regional societal or technical problems, as well as for interpreting the site-specific information generated by geologic consulting firms.

identify active Earth-surface processes. Help evaluate disastrous erosion events as part of emergency response teams.

trends that extend across county and State boundaries. Mapping at

and offshore materials;

low population density, and where detailed mapping is unlikely to proceed in the immediate future. Regional surficial geologic maps also can be used to depict important bodies of surficial materials and

shoreline recession rates and erodibility of onshore Determine historical

materials at construction- or environmental-site investigations. Regional surficial geologic map products at 1:100,000 scale will provide information for large areas where data are sparse, due to

Coastal erosion . . .

and sand and gravel resources. They can also be used to evaluate aquifer sensitivity to contamination. These maps identify geologic

and production trends of sand and gravel resources.

maps. Geologic maps at this detailed scale are the optimum for addressing societal problems. Such maps depict sequences of surficial materials in adequate detail to be useful in identifying aquifers

and subsurface distribution, grain size, composition, Determine the surface

the map represents 2,000 feet on the ground), including new 3-D surficial geologic maps, as well as traditional surficial geologic

water use, and vulnerability to contamination. Construction materials . . .

ic mapping program that focuses on societal issues in high-priority areas across the region. The program emphasizes detailed geologic map products, at the quadrangle-map scale of 1:24,000 (1 inch on

bedrock aquifers and surface water bodies, trends in

as possible. The Coalition proposes to conduct a cooperative surficial geolog-

and hydrogeologic characteristics of glacial aquifer systems, their connection to

user communities in their decisionmaking processes. Through cooperative interactions and education of the broad user community, the Coalition seeks to make its information available and used as widely

Water resources . . . Determine the distribution

the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition. Its mission is to produce detailed, 3-D surficial geologic maps, derivative map products, and digital data bases. These products will support various

tion, and their possible sustainable production.

beyond the capability of any single earth science organization. Therefore, the State Geological Surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio and the U.S. Geological Survey have formed

water aquifers, sand and gravel, and ecosystem resources, their historical production and preemp-

resolve major societal issues in the Central Great Lakes region is Providing the sound earth science information necessary to help

WHAT CAN BE DONE?—A COALITION TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES

Competition for the land . . . surficial materials, ground-Define, map, and assess

Areas for mapping will be prioritized (see map below) to serve the needs of customers and clients in both the private and public

Delineate the active flood Floods . . . plain, calculate intervals of

The Coalition’s surficial geologic mapping program is a sectors. Work will be accomplished in partnership with other earth and natural science groups and agencies.

flood recurrence, and assess historical flood erosion and sedimentation.

ground-breaking State-Federal collaborative effort that incorporates several important innovations. The five Geological Surveys

Help evaluate disastrous floods as part of emergency response teams.

will share scientific staffs and facilities to streamline mapping and subsurface investigations, develop integrated data bases, and use state-of-the-art computer models. The Surveys will identify local

Earthquakes . . .

and regional societal issues with local stakeholders to focus mapping activities in high-priority areas. A regional geologic informa-

Determine distribution and geotechnical characteristics of surficial materials

tion delivery system will be established to announce and distribute digital maps and data bases to all stakeholders. In addition, a public outreach program will be implemented to educate stakeholders

that are susceptible to seismic liquefaction or slope failure. Help evaluate disas-

in the use of Coalition information. In this effort, decisionmakers will learn to use new mapping techniques in analyzing 3-D data. Finally, the program will enhance communication between scientists and public- and private-sector policymakers.

trous earthquakes as part of emergency response teams.Contamination of land and water . . . Determine natural baseline geochemistry of surficial materials and identify processes and history of interaction with ground water and toxic substances. Determine how Earth-Ecosystem change . . . surface processes and glacial landforms controlled presettlement ecosystems as a basis for managing, preserving, or restoring present ecosystems.

nel will help users develop skills in using the information system and will provide feedback to Coalition scientists to respond to user requests for modifications and extensions to the system. tailored to resolve specific local resource or hazard issues. Where possible, decision-support systems will illustrate the probable outcomes of alternative courses of action. Coalition outreach personindustrial, and environmental organizations. will provide map products in easy-to-understand formats that are As part of the Coalition’s outreach program, Coalition scientists system will provide a comprehensive decision-support tool for resolving complex and difficult societal land-use issues for landowners and decisionmakers in governmental, educational, mary and derived geologic products can be coupled with extensive hydrologic, biologic, geographic, socioeconomic, and other data bases to form the nucleus of a powerful information system. This 3-D computer models can be rotated, sliced, and separated by the geologists and information users to visualize buried layers of surficial materials and aquifers in the subsurface. In addition, the prienvironmentally sensitive zones. primary data set to help meet user needs on specific issues. These New map products and 3-D models can be derived from the rials. Priority study areas will be targeted in cooperation with the user community to address resource and hazard issues in urban and suburban settings, transportation and industrial corridors, and duce detailed, 3-D, computerized geologic maps of the surficial materials overlying bedrock in the glaciated regions of the four Central Great Lakes States. This primary data set includes the 3-D geology and characteristics of the various layers of surficial mate-The Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition will pro-

COALITION PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE IN SOCIETY intergovernmental cooperation and communication. Decision-support systems developed within this program will serve as a model for other earth science activities across the Nation. community will help assure that the information is understood and appropriately used. Scientists will be trained to help improve Increased communication between these scientists and the user tists and cooperators will develop 3-D descriptions of the subsurface geology that are consistent throughout the central Great Lakes States and can be broadly extended to other regions of the Nation. plines and from academia, other State and Federal agencies, and the private sector. To meet the increased need for surficial geologic mappers, additional students must be trained. The Coalition scien-The scientific breadth and magnitude of the work require the cooperation and input of scientists from many other earth science disci-Coalition scientists cannot do all of the proposed work alone. The Coalition will seek to increase communication among scientists and resource decisionmakers in public, private, educational, and environmental sectors. mation that can support sound, unbiased, and cost-effective land-use decisions. Results of alternative plans to restore, preserve, or sequentially develop mineral, water, and environmental resources can be modeled, thus avoiding resource loss or overregulation. The objective of the Coalition is to provide earth science infor-

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Glacial Geology

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X

6° quadrangle, United Berg, R.C., Bleuer, N.K., Jones, B.E., Kincare, K.A., Pavey, R.R., and Stone, B.D., in press, Mapping the glacial geology of the Central Great Lakes region in three dimensions—A model for State-Federal cooperation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Leverett, Frank, and Taylor, F.B., 1915, The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan and the Lineback, J.A., Bleuer, N.K., Mickelson, D.M., Farrand, W.R., and Goldthwait, R.P., history of the Great Lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 53, 529 p. McGrain, Preston, 1979, An economic evaluation of the Kentucky geologic mapping pro-

The Central Great Lakes Region

gram: Lexington, Ky., Kentucky Geological Survey, series XI, 12 p.

Killey, M.M., 1998, Illinois’ ice age legacy: Illinois State Geological Survey Geoscience Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, 258 p.

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The Value of Geologic Mapping

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FURTHER READING

Fullerton, D.S., Cowan, W.R., Sevon, W.D., Goldthwait, R.P., Farrand, W.R., Muller, E.H., Behling, R.E., and Stravers, J.A., comps., 1991, Quaternary geologic map of the Lake Parfit, Michael, 1993, Water—A portrait in words and pictures: National Geographic, 1997. Special Edition, November 1993.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, National water summary 1988–89—Hydrologic events Management Task Force.) and floods and droughts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375, 591 p. National Groundwater Association, 1997, Wells in place (not annual construction) July 8, final report, revision 2 (final): Prepared under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contract no. 68–C6–0039, task order 4, 29 p.

[v. 1 of Kelmelis, J.A., ed.], Science for floodplain management into the 21st century:

Washington, D.C., 272 p. (This report was also part V of the Report of the Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee to the Administration Floodplain Fenelon, J.M., 1998, Water quality in the White River basin, Indiana, 1992–96: U.S. International Consultants, Inc., 1998, Ground water rule, vulnerability assessment study, Geological Survey Circular 1150, 34 p.

Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (SAST), 1994, Preliminary report of the SAST 1986—Hydrologic events and ground-water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2325, p. 64–65.

Casey, G.D., 1996, Hydrogeologic framework of the Midwestern Basins and Arches region in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1423–B, 46 p., 2 pls.

Miller, J.B., and Blumer, S.P., 1988, Flood of September 10 to 15, 1986, across the central diskette. Lower Peninsula of Michigan,

in U.S. Geological Survey, National water summary Melhorn, W.N., and Kempton, J.P., eds., Geology and hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet bedrock valley systems: Geological Society of America Special Paper 258, p. 79–89.

Holmes, R.R., Jr., and Kupka, Amanda, 1997, Floods of July 18–20, 1996, in northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Special Report 2, 45 p. Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97–425, 29 p., 1 over-size sheet, 1 Water Resources Bleuer, N.K., Melhorn, W.N., Steen, W.J., and Bruns, T.M., 1991, Aquifer systems of the buried Marion-Mahomet trunk valley (Lafayette bedrock valley system) of Indiana,

Chrzastowski, M.J., Killey, M.M., Bauer, R.A., DuMontelle, P.B., Erdmann, A.L., Herzog, B.L., Masters, J.M., and Smith, L.R., 1994, The Great Flood of 1993— Geologic perspectives on flooding along the Mississippi River and its tributaries in U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1992, Census of agriculture, 1982, 1987, 1992.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997, America’s private land, A geography of hope:

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 80 p.

Williams, S.J., Dodd, K., and Gohn, K.K., 1995, Coasts in crisis: U.S. Geological Survey Floods Loynachan, T.E., Brown, K.W., Cooper, T.H., and Milford, M.H., 1999, Sustaining our U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1982, 1987, 1992, Natural resources inventory.

soils and society: Alexandria, Va., American Geological Institute, 64 p.

Hill, C.L., Ryan, B.J., McGregor, B.A., and Rust, Marie, 1991, Our changing landscape— Environmental Geology Notes 76, 33 p. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1085, 44 p.

The Eight Issues

Competition for the Land

Coastal Erosion Berg, R.C., and Collinson, C., 1976, Bluff erosion, recession rates, and volumetric losses on the Lake Michigan shore in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey maps of Quaternary sediments, east-central Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Map I–2669, scale 1:100,000. (Previews are available on the World Wide Web at http://ncgmp.usgs.gov/ecill/.)

tion: Available on the World Wide Web at http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity.

Pavey, R.R., 1987, Glacial materials stack-unit map [Superconducting Super Collider Soller, D.R., Price, S.D., Kempton, J.P., and Berg, R.C., in press, Three-dimensional geologic Project]: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Open-File Map 263, scale 1:62,500.

Langer, W.H., and Glanzman, V.M., 1993, Natural aggregate—Building America’s future: U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Minerals information—Commodity statistics and informa-U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1110, 39 p.

Kempton, J.P., 1981, Three-dimensional geologic mapping for environmental studies in ning, McHenry County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 559, 79 p.

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 100, 43 p.

Langer, W.H., 1988, Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States: U.S.

Natural resources: Earth Resources, p. 20–27. Geological Survey Bulletin 1594, 33 p., 2 pls.

Visual Presentation—New Tools

Berg, R.C., Kempton, J.P., and Stecyk, A.N., 1984, Geology for planning in Boone and Curry, B.B., Berg, R.C., and Vaiden, R.A., 1997, Geologic mapping for environmental plan-Winnebago Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 531, 69 p.

Winter, T.C., Harvey, J.W., Franke, O.L., and Alley, W.M., 1998, Ground water and sur-Construction Materials Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1996, Rock River area assessment, v. 1, face water—A single resource: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139, 79 p.

and Protection Program application, submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Region V pursuant to Section 1453 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 146 p.

Gough, L.P., 1993, Understanding our fragile environment—Lessons from geochemical Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1998, Draft Illinois Source Water Assessment studies: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1105, 34 p.

Wilcox, D.A., 1995, Wetland and aquatic macrophytes as indicators of anthropogenic no. 6, p. 1765–1778. hydrologic disturbance: Natural Areas Journal, v. 15, no. 3, p. 240–248.

Berg, R.C., and Abert, C.C., 1999, General aquifer sensitivity map, Villa Grove quadrangle, Douglas County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois Geological Quadrangle Map IGQ Villa Grove-AS, scale 1:24,000.

Singer, D.K., Jackson, S.T., Madsen, B.J., and Wilcox, D.A., 1996, Differentiating climat-Precambrian Shield region: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 825–871. ic and successional influences on long-term development of a marsh: Ecology, v. 77, Contamination of Land and Water (NEHRP), 23 p.

Magnuson, J.J., Webster, K.E., Assel, R.A., Bowser, C.J., Dillon, P.J., Eaton, J.G., Evans, H.E., Fee, E.J., Hall, R I., Mortsch, L.R., Schindler, D.W., and Quinn, F.H., 1997, Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems—Laurentian Great Lakes and Su, W.J., and Bauer, R.A., 1998, Measurement of seismic wave velocity in southern Illinois for microzonation mapping and study of liquefaction potential: Illinois State Geological Survey proposal to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program

Lane, E., and Rupert, F., 1996, Earth systems—The foundation of Florida’s ecosystems:

Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 53 (suppl. 1), p. 10–19.

Florida Geological Survey poster.

Parfit, Michael, 1998, Living with natural hazards: National Geographic, v. 194, no. 1, Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 290 p. p. 2–39.

Kelson, J.R.M., Steedman, R.J., and Stoddart, S., 1996, Historical causes of change in of Illinois Foundation, 89 p.

Great Lakes fish stocks and the implications for ecosystem rehabilitation: Canadian National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 1995, Recommended provisions for dence for Holocene and latest Pleistocene seismicity in the southern halves of Indiana and Illinois; A preliminary overview: Seismology Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 521–536. seismic regulations for new buildings, 1994 edition: Prepared by the Building Seismic

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources and Nature of Illinois Foundation, New York, John Wiley, p. 103–131.

1994, The changing Illinois environment—Summary report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources and Nature Munson, P.J., Obermeier, S.F., Munson, C.A., and Hajic, E.R., 1997, Liquefaction evi-

Hartman, W.L., 1988, Historical changes in the major fish resources of the Great Lakes, in Evans, M.S., ed., Toxic contaminants and ecosystem health—Great Lakes focus:

Killey, M.M., and DuMontelle, P.B., 1984, Earthquakes in the Illinois area: Illinois State Educational Leaflet 9. Geological Survey and Illinois Emergency Services and Disaster Agency pamphlet, 4 p.

Ecosystem Change Gannon, J.E., 1993, Restoration ecology—Longterm evaluation as an essential feature of rehabilitation: Buffalo Environmental Law Journal, v. 1, p. 267–277. Hansen, M.C., 1995, Earthquakes in Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey areas of relative potential for shaking and/or liquefaction: Illinois State Geological Survey map, scale 1:2,000,000.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999, Envirofacts warehouse: Available on the World Wide Web at www.epa.gov/enviro/.Central United States Earthquake Consortium, 1995, Earthquake hazards map, showing earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85–457, p. 42–51.

Soller, D.R., and Berg, R.C., 1992, Using regional geologic information to assess relative aquifer contamination potential—An example from the Central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–694, scale 1:1,000,000.

Earthquakes Algermissen, S.T., and Hopper, M.G., 1985, Maps of hypothetical intensities for the region,

in Hopper, M.G., ed., Estimation of earthquake effects associated with large

Kincare, K.A., 1989, Geostatistical decision making process in plume modeling:

Proceedings Superfund 1989 Conference, Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, Silver Springs, Md., p. 181–189. From Soller and Berg (1992). Potential natural vegetation map of the southern Lake Michigan area. The map shows the vegetation communities that would naturally occur if there were no human disturbance in the area. From U.S. Geological Survey (available on the World Wide Web at http://www.nationalatlas.gov/atlasmap.html).

http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/hazmaps/250pga.pdf).

Map of the southern Lake Michigan area showing the potential vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Red areas have the greatest risk, green areas have the least risk.

Page 11 (figures from top to bottom)

Composite satellite image of the Missouri River flood plain after the record flood of 1993.

From Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (1994, p. 107).

Map showing the potential for earthquake hazards in the Central Great Lakes States. From U.S. Geological Survey (available on the World Wide Web at Map showing areas with potential aggregate resources. From Langer (1988).

Photograph showing the former location of streets and homes lost by the erosion of the Lake Erie shoreline. From U.S. Geological Survey (unpub. data).

Page 10 (figures from top to bottom)

Surficial geologic map of the Chicago, Illinois, and Gary, Indiana, area. From Lineback and others (1983). Map showing glacial aquifer location. From Casey (1996).

What information is needed by managers and decisionmakers in the region?

“There has been a high rate of failure of restoring wetlands because sites have been selected that do not properly link the site hydrology to its geologic setting. In response to this, the Illinois Nature Conservancy has identified several areas that would be ideal to accomplish their restoration goals and insists that sites be in geologically appropriate areas. Working with the Geological Survey in the early stages is important, and should be seen as an

“We run centuries old disposal methods of septic systems and manure spreading on much higher densities than

T. Bruns, Director of Development Services, Indianapolis Water Company, Indiana “For the National Watershed Assessment Project, geology is the major missing data layer.”

B. Grant, Toxicologist, LaGrange County Health Department, Indiana

“You need to define geology and make it available in digital databases to serve customers.” E.J. Fellows, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

essential and primary step in developing successful restoration projects.”

R. Duncan, Indiana Department of Environmental Management

to be applied.”

S. Esling, Associate Professor of Geology, Southern Illinois University

enough role in the process.”

ever intended.”

Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition— A State-Federal Partnership to Address Vital Societal Issues

The Illinois State Geological Survey (of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources), created in its modern form by legislative mandate in 1905, provides objective scientific information to government, business, and the public. The work is guided by two major objectives—

• To improve the quality of life for Illinois citizens by providing the scientific information and interpretations needed for developing sound environmental policies and practices.
• To strengthen the Illinois economy by promoting wise development of the State’s abundant mineral resources.

The Indiana Geological Survey, which is an institute of Indiana University, was established in 1837; it has a statutory mission—

• To provide geologic information and counsel that contribute to the wise stewardship and economic development of the energy, mineral, and ground-water resources of Indiana.

The Indiana Geological Survey works to discover and promote the development and conservation of these resources; maintains geologic data bases and sample libraries; investigates geologic hazards and environmental issues; and disseminates information through public education, maps and reports, and consultation with the public.

The Michigan Geological Survey Division (of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality) is the oldest Michigan State agency; it was established in 1837, the same year that Michigan was admitted to the Union. The mission of the Michigan Geological Survey Division is—

• To encourage conservation and protect natural resource values in developing the geological resources of the State, including fossil fuels, minerals, and ground water.
• To identify, develop, and disseminate geological information for the benefit of Michigan citizens.

The Ohio Division of Geological Survey (of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources) is Ohio’s oldest natural resources agency; it was established in 1837 to investigate the geology and mineral resources of the State of Ohio. The mission of the Ohio Division of Geological Survey is—

• To provide geologic information and services needed for responsible management of Ohio’s natural resources.

The U.S. Geological Survey, established in 1879, is an earth science organization within the U.S. Department of the Interior; the USGS is recognized worldwide as scientifically credible, objective, and demonstrably relevant to society’s needs. The mission of the USGS is—

• To provide the Nation with reliable, impartial information to describe and understand the Earth.

This information is used to minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; enhance and protect the quality of life; and contribute to wise economic and physical development.

Where this page came from

This page was imported from U.S. Geological Survey. Published by the U.S. Geological Survey and, as a work of the United States government, in the public domain.

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