Avoidance and Minimization Measures: Offshore Wind Energy

Offshore wind energy development is an emerging industry in the United States as a source of renewable energy to help lessen dependence on fossil fuels for energy production and help the nation meet goals to curb climate change .

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What is the status of offshore wind energy development in the United States?

The first commercial offshore wind project in the U.S. began operating in 2016. The five-turbine, 30 MW Block Island Wind Farm is located 3.8 miles from Block Island, Rhode Island in the Atlantic Ocean. Currently, there are three offshore wind projects in operation in U.S. waters with several others being permitted or under construction. The Department of the Interior has a strategy to approve enough offshore wind energy facilities by 2030 to produce 30 gigawatts of electricity. By some estimates, that is enough electricity to power nine million homes.

How does offshore wind energy impact migratory birds?

Because offshore wind energy is an emerging industry, we cannot know the extent to which it may impact migratory birds. Activities associated with offshore wind energy, such as assessments in the offshore environment, construction, and operation, all add to or introduce human-sourced stressors, such as noise, artificial lighting, habitat alteration, and tall structures in otherwise unobstructed areas. Research onshore and offshore has found that these stressors can directly and indirectly adversely affect migratory birds through disturbance, displacement, avoidance, and collision. As the industry grows, research and monitoring should inform us as to whether there are adverse impacts and how to mitigate them.

What can I do to avoid and minimize impacts to birds?

Surveying bird usage of offshore airspace can improve understanding of the species and densities present near offshore wind projects and how usage varies temporally and in response to geographical features. In addition, researching bird interactions with offshore wind infrastructure can improve understanding of (1) how offshore-wind facilities affect migratory birds; (2) how those effects vary with infrastructure design, operational practices, and project location; and (3) the effectiveness of avoidance and minimization measures, including the use of emerging technology. For example, research on the use of sensors such as radar, cameras, acoustics, or strike detectors can be used to validate emerging technology that identifies the spatial and temporal resolution of the sensors and biases associated with the sensors.

Offshore wind energy in the Outer Continental Shelf, which lies between the seaward extent of state and federal boundaries, is authorized through the Department of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). BOEM maintains a thorough and up to date website about the process to determine offshore wind energy areas, approve projects, and makes available all documentation necessary to approve projects. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is preparing recommendations for offshore wind energy to assist in evaluating and reducing potential adverse impacts to migratory birds, which will be made available here once complete.

Library Documents

• Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Renewable Energy

If you would like to provide comments on the information presented on this webpage, please contact the USFWS Migratory Bird Program at MigratoryBirds@fws.gov.

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