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Infertility means not getting pregnant after having frequent, unprotected sex for one year or longer — or six months if you're 35 or older. It also covers pregnancies that end in repeated miscarriage or stillbirth.
Infertility is common. It affects both men and women, and sometimes both partners contribute.
Causes
It can come from a health issue in either partner, or a mix of factors — and sometimes no clear cause is found.
| In women | In men |
|---|---|
| not ovulating, often from conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | low sperm count |
| blocked or damaged fallopian tubes (which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus), often from past sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pelvic inflammatory disease or abdominal surgery | sperm that don't move well |
| conditions of the uterus (womb), such as fibroids or endometriosis | blocked sperm ducts |
| trouble producing eggs, which can come with age | hormone imbalances, such as too much testosterone |
| hormone imbalances, such as too much estrogen |
Smoking, heavy drinking, being very overweight or underweight, older age and some health conditions can also raise the risk.
Diagnosis
Your health care provider will ask about your health history and may examine you. Testing differs for women and men and can include blood tests, imaging, and a semen test for men.
Treatment
It depends on the cause, how long you've been trying and your age. Some treatments are for men, some for women, and some involve both:
- treating the underlying cause;
- medicines;
- assisted reproductive technology;
- surgery.
Infertility can be stressful; counseling and support groups can help. Many couples who are treated go on to have children.
Prevention
Not all infertility can be prevented, but healthy habits may lower your risk:
- don't smoke, or quit;
- limit alcohol;
- keep a healthy weight;
- practice safe sex to prevent STIs, except when you're trying to get pregnant.
If you're ready to try for a pregnancy, see your provider first if you're over 40, have irregular periods, have had pelvic inflammatory disease, or have had fertility concerns before.
Sources
Based on the MedlinePlus health topic "Infertility," National Library of Medicine, drawing on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; a work of the United States government in the public domain.
Лицензия: CC0 1.0 (общественное достояние) · По материалам medlineplus.gov
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