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Osteoporosis is a disease that makes bones weak and likely to break. It develops when bone mineral density and bone mass fall, or when the structure and strength of bone change.
It's called a "silent" disease because it usually causes no symptoms — you may not know you have it until you break a bone. Any bone can break, but the hip, the spine's vertebrae and the wrist are most common.
Why it happens
Bone is living tissue. Your body constantly breaks down old bone and replaces it. Osteoporosis develops when more is broken down than replaced, so you lose bone mass and the bone's structure changes. This can come with age, and other factors can add to the risk.
Who's most at risk
| Risk factor | |
|---|---|
| Sex | more common in women, especially after menopause |
| Age | risk rises with age; most common over 50 |
| Body size | more common in slim, thin-boned people |
| Race | White and Asian women are at highest risk; African American and Mexican American women at lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men |
| Family history | a parent with osteoporosis or a broken hip |
| Hormones | low levels of certain hormones |
| Diet | too little calcium, vitamin D or protein |
| Long-term medicines | corticosteroids; proton pump inhibitors (for GERD); epilepsy medicines |
| Other conditions | endocrine diseases, some digestive diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, some cancers, HIV, and the eating disorder anorexia nervosa |
| Lifestyle | smoking, long-term heavy drinking, inactivity or long bed rest |
Screening and diagnosis
Osteoporosis is often found through routine screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for:
- women 65 and older
- postmenopausal women under 65 with risk factors
For men, it isn't yet clear whether regular screening helps.
To check for osteoporosis, your provider will ask about your history and any past fractures, may examine you for lost height or weight, posture changes, balance and gait and muscle strength, will likely order a bone density scan, and may do a short fracture risk assessment estimating your chance of a break in the next 10 years.
Treatment
The goals are to slow or stop bone loss and prevent fractures. Your provider may recommend:
- a balanced diet with enough calcium, vitamin D and protein
- quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
- regular weight-bearing exercise such as walking, plus strength and balance training
- preventing falls
- medicines that slow bone loss or help rebuild bone
Avoid movements that can cause a fracture, such as twisting your spine — like swinging a golf club — or bending forward from the waist, like sit-ups and toe touches.
Prevention
The best way to keep bones strong is a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular physical activity, limiting alcohol and not smoking.
Sources
Based on "Osteoporosis," MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, with a summary from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH); a work of the United States government in the public domain.
Лицензия: CC0 1.0 (общественное достояние) · По материалам medlineplus.gov
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